These are the answers to an old version of Wheelock. Most differ from the sixth edition.

[CHAPTER1] [CHAPTER2] [CHAPTER3] [CHAPTER4] [CHAPTER5] [CHAPTER6] [CHAPTER7] [CHAPTER8] [CHAPTER9] [CHAPTER10]
[CHAPTER11] [CHAPTER12] [CHAPTER13] [CHAPTER14] [CHAPTER15] [CHAPTER16] [CHAPTER17] [CHAPTER18] [CHAPTER19]
[CHAPTER20] [CHAPTER21] [CHAPTER22] [CHAPTER23] [CHAPTER24] [CHAPTER25] [CHAPTER26] [CHAPTER27]
[CHAPTER28] [CHAPTER29] [CHAPTER30] [CHAPTER31] [CHAPTER32] [CHAPTER33] [CHAPTER34] [CHAPTER35]
[CHAPTER36] [CHAPTER37] [CHAPTER38] [CHAPTER39] [CHAPTER40]

CHAPTER 1
(back to top)

ANSWER KEY TO SENTENTIAE ON Pgs. 6-7
Work summons me.
Warn me, if I go astray.
Hasten slowly.
You (sing.) praise (or are praising) me; they blame (or are blaming) me.
We often sin.
What ought we to think?
Save me.
Rumor flies.
He (or she) does not love/like me.
. Nothing frightens me.
. Apollo saves me.
. What do you (pl.) see? We see nothing.
. Often you think nothing (i.e., you do not think at all).
. You (sing.) give twice, if you (sing.) give quickly.
. If you (sing.) are well, I am well.
. Quid videt?
. Nihil dant.
. Debes (or debetis) non laudare me.
. Si erro, me saepe monet.
. Si me amas (or amatis), serva (or servate) me.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Poet Horace Contemplates an Invitation
Maecenas and Vergil are summoning me today. What ought I to think? What ought I to answer? If I err, they always remind and blame me; if I do not err, they praise me. What ought I to think today?

CHAPTER 2
(back to top)

ANSWER KEY TO WHEELOCK SENTENTIAE CHAPTER 2
Hello, O fatherland!
Rumor flies.
Give (sing. imp.) pardon to the girl.
Your clemency saves (is saving) many lives.
He/she/it carries (is carrying) away much money.
You (sing.) often praise but reject the fortune and life of the ancient fatherland.
You (sing.) order me to avoid the crowd.
I give (am giving) myself to philosophy.
Philosophy is the art of life.
Hold (pl.) [onto] a sound form of life.
Immoderate anger creates (is creating) insanity.
We ought to avoid anger.
No greed is without punishment.
He/she/it oppresses [or loads] me with cruel chains.
They do not fear the wheel of fortune.
Puellae vitam poetae (nautae in earlier printings) conservant.
Sine philosophia fortuna et pecunia saepe errant.
Si patria valet, nihil te terret et debes laudare magnam fortunam tuam.
Saepe videmus poenam irae.
Porta antiqua est magna.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Catullus Bids His Girlfriend Farewell
My girl does not love me. Goodbye, girl! Catullus is firm: the poet does not love the girl, he does not praise the beauty of the girl, he does not give roses to the girl, and he does not kiss the girl! My wrath is great! I am firm, my girl - but without you I am not strong.

CHAPTER 3
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (P. 21)
We see the son of the sailor in the fields.
The boys are calling the girls today.
My daughter always praises the wisdom of the girls. (Read the sentence without the commas setting off filia mea. It makes more sense without them.)
Many men and women praise ancient philosophy
If anger is strong, my son (vocative), we often err and pay the penalty.
Fortune loves great men.
Sine paucis amicis vita non valet.
Magne Vergili, habes multam famam in patria tua.
Videmus magnam fortunam in vitis filiarum tuarum, mi amice.
. Puero meo et puellae pecuniam semper dat.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 21-22)
You (pl.) ought, friends (m.) and friends (f.), to think about the Roman people.
Maecenas, friend of Augustus, holds me in the number of (his) friends (i.e., he considers me one of his friends).
My little book and thoughts advise the lives of men.
Few men are eager for wisdom.
Adverse fortune does not terrify a man of great wisdom.
Cimon, a man of great fame, has great benevolence.
A greedy (man) is always in need.
No abundance of money satisfies a greedy man.
Money excites the greedy [man], it does not satisfy. (or: Money excites, not satisfies, the greedy [man].)
. Advise (s.) (your) friends in secret; praise (s.) (them) openly.
. We ought to observe moderation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

THE GRASS IS ALWAYS GREENER (P. 22)
The farmer often praises both the life and fortune of the sailor; the sailor often praises the great fortune and life of the poet; and the poet praises the life and fields of the farmer. Without philosophy greedy men always think about money: they have much money, but much money does not satisfy a greedy man.

CHAPTER 4
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (P. 28)
Leisure is good, but the leisure of many men is small.
Wars are bad and have many dangers.
Duty calls me from leisure today.
Few greedy men see many forms of danger in money.
If you (pl.) have much money, you are not often without cares.
The girls warn the teacher (f.) about the dangers without delay.
O great poet, we are true friends.
The female friend of the farmer sees the gate.
Es in magno periculo.
. Curae filii mei sunt saepe stultae.
. Filiae et filii magnorum virorum et feminarum non semper sunt magni.
. Sine sapientia fortuna bona nautarum est nihil.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 29)
Fortune is blind.
If the dangers are true, you are unfortunate.
O friend, you (s.) are a good man.
The reputation of your son is not pretty.
To err is human.
Nothing is wholly fortunate.
The remedy of anger is delay.
Good Daphnis loves the leisure and the life of a farmer.
Teachers (m.) often give cookies to the small boys (or children).
. I love my (girl) friend more than my eyes.
. Give (to) me many kisses, my pretty girl.
. Infinite is the numbers of fools (foolish men, foolish people).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DUTY CALLS.
Bad men are in our number [or, There are bad men in our number] and they think about the destruction of good men. Help (pl.) the good men; save (pl.) the Roman people.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

THE RARITY OF FRIENDSHIP
Few men have true friends, and few men are worthy. True friendship is remarkable, and all remarkable things are rare. Many foolish men always think about money, few men (think about) friends; but they are mistaken: we can be strong without much money, but without friendship we are not strong and life is nothing.

CHAPTER 5
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (P. 34-35)
Duty always was calling (used to call, kept calling) free men.
Will we have many men and women of great courage?
The dangers of war are not small, but your country will call you and the farmers will help.
On account of the faults of the evil men our country will not be strong.
Delay was overcoming our high spirits.
Many men were remaining in the fields and were helping the Romans (Roman men, Roman people).
Few men were thinking about the care of the soul.
On account of anger you (pl.) are in fault [more idiomatically: at fault] and you (pl.) will pay the penalty.
You (s.) do not have true peace, foolish man!
. Nothing is without fault; we are good men, if we have few (faults).
. The poet was giving many roses, gifts, and kisses to (his) girl friend.
. Bellumne in patria nostra remanebit?
. Pecuniane virum avarum satiat?
. Servabis igitur famam puerorum stultorum.
. Pecunia et gloria animum viri boni superabant.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 35)
You (s.) will not endure the dislike of the Roman people.
Therefore was danger remaining?
The narrow mind loves money.
Overcome (s.) your pride and anger.
The blame is mine.
Give (s.) pardon to our son.
On account of youth, my sons, you (pl.) were not seeing the evils (evil things) of life.
Please take care of my daughter.
Life is punishment.
. Are you sufficiently sane?
. If ever I will have enough (of) money, then I will give (= devote) myself to wisdom and philosophy.
. Your glory and fame will always remain.
. A good and skillful man will blame the rough words of the poets.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HIS ONLY GUEST WAS A REAL BOAR!
Titus, our Caecilianus does not dine without a boar:
Caecilianus has a charming dinner-guest.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

THERMOPYLAE: A SOLDIER'S HUMOR
"Our army is great," a Persian said, "and because of the numbers of our arrows you (pl.) will not see the sky!" Then a Spartan answers: "Therefore we will fight in the shade!" And Leonidas, king of the Spartans, exclaims: "Fight (pl.) with courage, Spartans; perhaps today we will dine with the shades (= the ghosts of dead men).

CHAPTER 6
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (P. 39-40)
Our eyes were not strong, and we were not able to see the beautiful fields.
Without much money and many gifts, the tyrant will not be able to satisfy the Roman people.
Therefore they were not able to warn you (s.) about the punishment of your friends.
A small number of Greeks will be able to remain there.
The teacher will call the bad boys without delay.
Your (pl.) daughters often used to think about the books of the great poet.
Will we have enough (of) wisdom?
Many old books on account of (their) wisdom and advice were great.
The glory of good books will always remain.
. Are money and leisure able to conquer the cares of human life?
. Non saepe possumus, igitur, videre vitia vera tyranni.
. Pauci (viri) liberi tryrannum tolerare poterunt.
. Multi Romani magnos liberos Graecorum antiquorum laudabant.
. Ubi gloria famaque esse perpetuae possunt?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 40)
Dionysius then was absolute ruler of the Syracusans.
Do you (s.) wish to taste my life and fortune?
Are we able to be safe in (= in the midst of) evil treachery?
On account of my care you will not be in perpetual danger.
On account of your vices many (men) blame you and nothing can delight you now in your country.
The fortune of the second Punic War was varied.
The country of the Romans was full of Greek books and beautiful statues.
Without the gods in the sky the mind cannot be healthy.
If his/her mind is weak, he/she will not be able to tolerate good fortune.
. Where the laws are strong, there the free people can be strong.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

"I DO NOT LOVE THEE DOCTOR FELL"
I do not love you (s.), Sabidius, nor can I say why.
I can say this only: I do not love you (s.).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

THE HISTORIAN LIVY LAMENTS THE DECLINE OF ROMAN MORALS
The Roman people used to have great courage and few faults. We used to think about our duties and we always used to praise the glory of war. But now we have much leisure, and many are greedy. We can tolerate neither our vices nor the remedies (for them).

CHAPTER 7
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (P. 46)
Then you (s.) were seeing the second letter of the teacher and you (s.) were thinking about his words.
The women without delay will warn the state about treachery and evil destruction.
Therefore the king and queen will not dare to remain there.
The character of the Greeks was not without faults and vices.
When do men always have enough (of) virtue [manliness]?
Your (pl.) bodies are healthy and your minds are full of wisdom.
Because of human character we will not have true peace.
Will the state be able to overcome the dangers of our times?
After war they used to see many books concerning peace and remedies of war.
. We can see duties and wisdom with the eyes of the soul.
. Sine moribus sanis pacem habere non possumus.
. Multi discipuli parvum tempus litteris Graecis habebant.
. Post tempora mala virtus vera et multus labor civitatem iuvabunt.
. Filiae amicorum tuorum (or vestrorum) ibi cenabant.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 46-47)
I am a human being.
Nothing (is) new under the sun.
I now sing new poems [or, songs] for girls and boys.
You (s.) praise the fortune and character of the ancient common people.
Good men hate to sin on account of (their) love of virtue.
Under a harsh prince and evil times you (s.) dare to be good.
The foolish people often give honors to unworthy men.
We always see the names of foolish men on walls and gates.
Leisure without literature is death.
. Many nations can tolerate slavery; our state cannot. Noble is the recovery of liberty.
. Life gives nothing without great labor to mortals.
. How will we be able to be safe and in perpetual peace?
. Glory in the highest to God and on earth peace among men of good will.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Rape of Lucretia
Tarquinius Superbus was king of the Romans, and Sextus Tarquinius was the evil son of the tyrant. Sextus raped Lucretia, wife of Collatinus, and the good woman, on acount of (her) great love of virtue, killed herself. The ancient Romans always were praising the virtue and courage of Lucretia.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Catullus Dedicates His Poetry Book
To Cornelius, a man of great wisdom, I will give a beautiful new book. Cornelius, my friend, you (s.) always used to praise my books, and you are a learned teacher of literature! Therefore, have my new labor: the fame of the book (and your [s.]) fame will be perpetual.

CHAPTER 8
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (P. 52)
Our times now are bad; our vices, great.
Why is my sister writing (will my sister write, was my sister writing) about duties?
The tyrant will lead (leads/is leading, was leading)the foolish people out of your (pl.) land.
When will there be enough (of) reason and courage in (among) men?
An abundance of true virtue was able to overcome many faults.
We were spending our youth in a free state.
We never ought to tolerate an evil king.
After a small delay we will write a letter about the treachery of the foolish writers.
Corpus ibi sub terra remanebit.
. Scribe (s.) (scribite, pl.) multa de gloria civitatis nostrae.
. Reginamne vestram ad virtutem ratio semper ducit?
. Semper videbimus multa nomina Graeca ibi.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 52-3)
My brother will always lead his life in leisure.
Come, come! Lead (s.) me to my son.
O friends, we are destroying our liberty.
I will set forth the new dangers to the Roman people without delay.
We will never conquer danger without danger.
From (or on acount of) my errors I am able to show the right way to men.
Catullus gives great thanks to Marcus Tullius Cicero.
The extraordinary beauty of a maiden attracts the eyes of men.
Agamemnon will lead great troops out of the Greek land to Troy, where he will kill many men.
. The love of glory draws (= attracts) men.
. Caesar will preserve the authors of peace.
. Among many cares and labors I am not able to write poems.
. While you declaim in the great city, my friend, I re-read the writer of the Trojan war.
.We learn not for life, but for school.
. Men, while they teach, learn.
. Reason will lead me, not fortune.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CICERO ON THE ETHICS OF WAGING WAR
The state ought not to wage war without good cause or on account of anger. If we will be able to defend the fortunes and fields and lives of our people without war, then we will have to maintain peace; if, however, we will not be able to save the fatherland and our liberty without war, war will be necessary. We always ought to show, however, great service in war, and great mercy after victory.

CHAPTER 9
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (P. 59)
This whole book always praises Roman literature.
These men therefore were giving thanks to that god.
I will write that (thing) about the vices of that man, and that man will pay the penalty.
Neither man will then give a great abundance of money to the other.
Can the praise (glory) of any land be perpetual?
The labor of one man (or woman) never will be able to conquer these troops.
The character of that writer was excessively wicked.
No teachers, nevertheless, were daring to teach true things (= the truth) under that man.
Will peace be strong in our country after this victory.
. While those men remain there, others are doing nothing.
. Hic de gloria (or laude) alterius uxorisque scribit.
. Tota civitas soli fratri huius viri gratias agebat.
. Propter istam virtutem (or istos animos) illi nullas copias in haec loca ducent.
. Uterne liber vitia horum temporum vincere poterit?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 59)
Where (or when) am I able to see those women now?
This man will lead that woman into matrimony (= will marry that woman).
I give the palm branch (of victory) to this plan.
We truly love the virtue of that man.
You alone are able to help this man.
The punishment of that one man (or woman) will relieve this disease of the state, but the danger will always remain.
These men truly think about the destruction of this state and of the whole world.
There is no place for those men in this land.
Not only does the outcome teach this (thing) - that (outcome) is the teacher of fools! - but also reason (teaches this thing).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

When I Have...Enough
Africanus has millions, nevertheless he hunts for legacies.
Fortune gives too much to many, enough to no one. (Martial)
If you wish to pursue philosophy and the soul, this study cannot be strong without frugality. This frugality is voluntary poverty. Take away, therefore, those excuses of yours: "Not yet do I have enough money. If ever I will have that 'enough', then I will give (=devote) myself wholly to philosophy." Begin now to pursue philosophy, not money. (Seneca the Younger)

CHAPTER 10
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (P. 65)
What ought we learn now?
You (pl.) perform nothing with judgment.
That man often dares to teach the virtue of labor and of study.
This man was writing about old age; that man, about love; and another about liberty.
From the books of one man we will point out the nature of this plot.
Those men alone love war too much.
When will the state listen to men of great wisdom?
Come (pl.) out of many lands into this one place with your (pl.) friends.
After a few hours we were able to find the sister of that man (or woman).
. Your (pl.) troops will never capture either man there.
. The other Greek will find a remedy of (= for) this disease.
. Tum veniemus ad tuam (or vestram) terram sine ullis amicis.
. Dum vivebat, poteramus habere nullam pacem.
. Tota civitas haec vitia nunc fugit et semper fugiet.
. Toti populo, igitur, gratias aget.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 65-66)
Shun (pl.) desire of (= for) money and glory.
I will do my duty.
Your (s.) fame and the life of your daughter will come into danger.
Life is not to live but to be strong.
I always begin to speak with great fear.
If you will lead me, Muse, I will seize the crown with great glory.
Live mindful of death; the hour hurries away.
Snatch (pl.), friends, the opportunity from the hour.
Few men (or people) come to old age.
But in the meanwhile time flees (= flies), it flees.
The fates will find a way.
Nature, not rank makes a good man.
Compliance produces friends; truth produces hate.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Incomparable Value of Friendship
I am able to compare nothing with friendship; gods give nothing better to human beings. Some prefer money; others, healthy bodies; others, fame and glory; others, pleasures - but these men are wrong, since those things are uncertain and come from fortune, not from wisdom. Friendship truly comes from wisdom and love and good character and virtue; without virtue friendship cannot be (= exist). If you have no friends, you have the life of a tyrant; if you will find a true friend, your (s.) life will be happy. (Cicero, De Amicitia)

CHAPTER 11
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (P. 72)
They were sending him (that man) to her (that woman) with another farmer.
You (s.), however, now love his/her happy daughter.
On account of friendship, I am doing this thing. What will you (s.) do, my friend?
Will you (pl.) dare to send the same letter to him (that man)?
Lead (s.) me to his/her teacher (to this/that teacher), please.
After his/her labor we will give great thanks to him/her.
Do you (s.) speak about truth in this/that book?
Dare (s.), therefore, to be always the same (m.).
Does the nature of our character come from us alone?
. While reason will lead us, we will be quite strong.
. We find that fear in this one man.
. Without work, however, peace will not come into their state.
. Vita eius erat semper cara toti populo.
. Saepe invenies/invenietis eos et amicos eorum (or eas et amicos earum) mecum.
. Nos autem nunc capiemus copias eorum in hac via.
. Quoniam dicebam eadem ei de te et aliis sororibus eius, tuus frater non audiebat.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 72)
Your virtue makes me a friend to you.
That thing alone is dear to me.
If you (s.) are well, it is well; I am well.
It is well for me becaue it is well for you (s.).
"Be well (s.)." And you be quite well."
What do these men now think about you (s.)?
All people think the same thing.
I see (that) no one to be (is) a friend to you (s.).
Men were able to see his head on the rostra [the speaker's platform].
. Not all people like the same things.
. I can live neither with you (s.) nor without you (s.).
. A true friend is a second self (literally, "a second same person")

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cicero Denounces Catiline In The Senate
What are you (s.) doing, Catiline? What are you (s.) thinking? We perceive your (s.) great vices and treachery. O the times! O the customs! The senate understands these things, the consul sees (them). This man nevertheless lives. Does he live? He even comes into the senate; he even now dares to do counsels (= to be involved in planning); he designates us for death with his eyes. And we, good men, do nothing! The consul and the senate ought to lead you, Catiline, to death. We have a plan and we ought to act; if we do not act, we, we - I speak openly - are making a mistake. Flee now, Catiline, and lead with you (s.) your (s.) friends. You (s.) cannot remain with us; I will tolerate neither you (s.), nor those men of yours (s.), nor your (pl.) plans. (Cicero, In Catilinam 1.1ff.

CHAPTER 12
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (P. 79)
You (pl.) then wrote (have written) to us concerning the pleasures of youth.
The reasons of the other (another) daughter were not (have not been) the same.
No one had fled into this road from the other road.
Those men however recently came (have come) to us with his (her) friend.
Those men were often coming to us with (their) friends.
We perceived the same vice in that consul.
After a few hours Caesar captured Asia.
That woman alone felt (has felt) a great desire of (= for) peace.
Were you (pl.) (have you been) able to lead a good life without liberty.
. Therefore truth was (has been) dear to the whole people.
. Illa regina amica diu non remansit.
. Nostrae matres naturam illius loci non intellexerant.
. Nos autem invenimus nullum vitium (nullam culpam) in capite nostrae patriae.
. Eam ad eum mecum mittebant.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 79-80)
In the beginning God created sky and earth and God created man.
In a triumphal procession Caesar displayed this placard: "I came, I saw, I conquered."
He lived, while he lived, well.
A young man wishes to live for a long time; an old man has lived for a long time.
That man did not live for a long time, but he was (existed) for a long time.
Wow, you (s.) spoke beautifully!
Sophocles made (= wrote) tragedies to extreme old age.
Those men not only poured forth (have poured forth) money but also their life for their country.
Kings possessed Rome from the beginning; Lucius Brutus gave liberty to the Romans.
. Under Caesar however we lost (our) liberty.
. When liberty has fallen (= disappeared), no one dares to speak freely.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pliny Writes to Marcellinus About The Death Of Fundanus' Daughter
Hello, Marcellinus! I am writing these things to you (s.) about Fundanus, our friend; he lost (has lost) a dear and pretty daughter. That girl had not lived 13 years, but nature had given to her much wisdom. She always used to love her mother and father, her brother and sister, us and other friends, her teachers (masc.) and teachers (fem.), and we used to love and praise her. That girl however had great courage, and endured a bad disease with patience. Now, my friend, send (s.) a letter to our Fundanus about the bitter fortune of his daughter. (Pliny, Epistulae 5.16).
Diaulus Still Buries His Clients
Recently Diaulus was a doctor, now he is an undertaker.
What the undertaker does, the doctor also had done.(Martial 1.27).

CHAPTER 13
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (P. 86)
They were joining themselves neither with you (s.) nor with those others.
The whole Roman people lost its liberty.
In fact the bad king was never able to capture me myself.
You (pl.) then fled to their father and mother through that place.
The gods create souls and send them into the bodies of men from the sky.
They themselves recently conquered him through themselves.
On this road Cicero saw his (somebody else's) doctor, not his own.
No one was able to love the bitter daughter of Augustus for a long time.
These men joined Cicero himself with themselves, for they had always esteemed him.
. The woman had sent her own letter before that hour.
. That old man had a good old age, for he had lived well.
. Illi adulescentes autem ad Caesarem ipsum venerunt.
. Cicero igitur nomen eius cum suo numquam iunget.
. Cicero se semper dilexit et etiam tu te diligis.
. Cicero libros suos laudabat et ego nunc laudo meos.
. Consul Cicero ipse librum eius numquam viderat.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 86-87)
He himself was hastening to them and sent the horsemen before himself.
They themselves were able to do nothing through themselves without him.
He himself recognized his own seal and his own letter from the beginning.
Each man himself loves himself, because each man through himself is dear to himself.
From the fault of another the wise man corrects his own (fault).
Withdraw (s.) into yourself.
The soul itself nourishes itself.
The learned man always has riches in himself.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Alexander the Great and the Power of Literature
That famous Alexander the Great always used to have many writers of his own deeds with himself. For he once stood before the tomb of of Achilles and said these words: "You (s.) were lucky, O young man, because you (s.) found Homer (as a) praiser of your manliness." And truly! For, without that famous Iliad, the same tomb could have buried both his body and his name. Nothing can preserve the human body; but great literature can often preserve the name of a great man. (Cicero, Pro Archia 24).
The Authority of a Teacher's Opinion
Good teachers ought not always to speak their own opinions to their pupils. The pupils of Pythagoras often used to say in debates: "He himself said (it)!" Pythagoras, their teacher of philosophy, was "himself": his opinions were strong even without reason. In philosophy, however, reason alone, not opinion, ought to be strong. (Cicero, De Natura Deorum 1.5.10).

CHAPTER 14
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (pp. 93-94)
He was capturing a great part of those cities by the force of money (with courage) after many years.
Before the eyes of Caesar himself we ran and fled across the road.
No one sees his own vices, but each one (sees) those (vices) of another.
Did he advice them about the strength of those cities?
They themselves, however, had nourished the liberty of their own citizens.
We have drawn (derived) the names of many of our cities from the names of ancient cities.
Part of the citizens took the riches and ran through the city to the sea.
Today many clouds in the sky are a sign of the anger of the gods.
The animal fell there and was dragging itself across the land.
. Ille tyrannus malus iura horum civium non diu servavit.
. Magna est vis artium.
. Femina eius ibi stabat et illud cum patientia (pecunia [long 'a'], cum amicis suis) faciebat.
. Cicero idem de vita sua naturaque mortis sensit et dixit.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 94)
And God called the waters seas.
The earth once upon a time itself created human beings and animals.
Pan preserves sheep and the fortunate masters of sheep.
The small ant drags great burdens with its mouth.
I am holding a wolf by the ears.
That man has a great crowd of clients.
No one was able to overcome this man with force nor with money.
His soul was ignorant of evil skills.
A great part of me will avoid death.
. You, learned friends, always study Greek models.
. We accomplish great things not with strength and the quickness of bodies, but with wisdom and thought and art.
. Those men change the sky, not their souls, if they run across the sea.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Store Teeth
Thais has black teeth, Laecania, snowy-white teeth. What is the reason? this woman (the latter) has bought teeth, that woman (the former), her own. (Martial, 5.43).
Cicero Imagines the State of Rome Itself Urging Him to Punish the Catilinarian Conspirators
Marcus Tullius Cicero, what are you doing? Those men ought to pay the penalty for their many bad deeds now; truly you ought to lead them to death, because they have drawn Rome into many dangers. Often the Romans in this state punished even citizens with death. But you (s.) ought not to think that these evil men are citizens, for never in this city have betrayers of the fatherland held the rights of citizens. These men have lost their own rights. The Roman people will give great thanks to you, Marcus Tullius, if you (s.) will punish those men now. (Cicero, In Catilinam 1.11.27-28).

CHAPTER 15
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (pp. 100-01)
Those five women among those animals were not fearing death.
Two of the sons were running through the fields with their own father.
The second king threw the money into the sea, for he feared the great anger of the crowd.
No one will conquer the same part of Asia in a small time.
Four cities joined by means of (or at) the first road.
And so you (pl.) sent thousands of his (or her) books through Italy.
We saved liberty and the rights of these cities by the arts of war.
The Greek gods were not often conducting themselves among human beings with virtue (= virtuously).
Cicero was leading thousands of Romans by the force of his own opinions.
. His opinions never made him dear to me.
. Tyrannus vitam suam illis tribus amicis committebat.
. Avarus satis divitiarum numquam habuit.
. Illo tempore conservavimus vitam eius illis sex litteris.
. Per amicos suos cives decem urbium vicerunt.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 101)
I was on that ship for a long time and on account of a storm and clouds I was always expecting death.
Within seven hours we came to that city.
Italy was in those times full of Greek arts, and many Romans themselves used to pursue these arts.
They were wavering between war and peace.
At that time I was throwing that man out of the city.
That wretched man was saying: "I am a Roman citizen.".
My girl used to love her sparrow, and the sparrow always used to chirp to her alone and it did not move itself out of her lap.
My sons used to love my brother, they used to avoid me; they used to call me a harsh father and they were waiting for my death. Now, however, I have changed my character and I will draw my two sons to myself.
Dionysius the tyrant, since he used to be afraid to entrust his neck to a barber, taught his own daughters to cut the beard and hair of their father.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cyrus' Dying Words On Immortality
O my three sons, you (pl.) ought not to be miserable. Now truly I am coming to death, but a part of me, my soul, will always remain. While I was with you (pl.), you (pl.) were not seeing my soul, but from my deeds you were understanding it to be in this body. Believe, therefore, the soul to be the same after death, even if you will not see it, and always keep me in your (pl.) memory. (Cicero, De Senectute 22.79-81).
Fabian Tactics
Even in old age Quintus Fabius Maximus was a man of true virtue and used to wage wars with the spirit of a young man. Concerning him our friend Ennius, that great [and] famous poet, wrote these words: "One man saved the state for us by delaying. He used not to put rumors and report before the safety of Rome. His glory, therefore, now is very strong and will always be strong (Cicero, De Senectute 4.10).

CHAPTER 16
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (p. 107)
Brave men and women were living before our age.
He (she) was sending those five miserable men across difficult seas.
They, however, drove out all desires from themselves, for they were afraid of the nature of the body.
The powerful queen, since she loved herself, never joined herself with them.
And so I was waiting for you (s.) with a brave spirit for a long time among those men.
A quick rumor was running through the mouths and ears of all without delay.
The force of war changed his (her) life within a few hours.
They dragged themselves out of the water and entrusted themselves to powerful Caesar.
Caesar was not able to join his troops with the swift troops of the king.
. Themistocles once upon a time was holding the names of all citizens by means of his sharp memory.
. Farmers are not strong in a bad storm.
. Pater materque ad urbem cum duabus filiis dulcibus saepe veniebant.
. Animi virorum feminarumque fortium tempora difficilia numquam timebunt.
. Intelligitne nunc omnia iura horum quattuor virorum?
. Medicus puellam fortem iuvare non poterat, nam mors erat celeris.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 108)
How sweet is liberty!
Labor conquered all things.
Fortune helps the brave.
How swift and sharp is the mind.
Polyphemus was a horrendous monster, hideous, huge.
A woman always is a fickle and changeable thing.
It is easy to write epigrams, but it is difficult to write a book.
The poetic art is not to say everything (all things).
Nothing is happy in every part.
. My book helps men with prudent advice.
. The mother of all good arts is wisdom.
. Clemency makes the king safe; for the love of all citizens is an impregnable defense of the king.
. Life is brief; art, long.
. The brief time of life, however, is sufficiently long for living well.
. He (she) lives and will live through the memory of all ages.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Juvenal Explains His Impulse to Satire
Will I always be a listener? There are many poets in this city -- I therefore will be a poet! There are many vices in this city -- I will write about these vices! It is difficult not to write satire. If nature cannot help me, indignation makes verse. In my book there will be all the deeds of men -- fear, anger, pleasure, fault, desire, treachery. Now there is a full abundance of vices in this wretched city of ours! (Juvenal, Saturae 1.1ff. -- prose adaptation).
On a Temperamental Friend
You (s.), the same person, are difficult, easy, pleasant, harsh:
I can live neither with you (s.) nor without you (s.).(Martial, 12.46).

CHAPTER 17
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (p. 113)
Also powerful is the force of the arts.
They began, however, to join wretched men with themselves.
For in that age part of the people never held the rights of citizens.
We begin to understand truth, which can help human beings and ought always to rule their minds.
How difficult it is to draw good and sweet things from war.
A hundred of the men were waiting a long time for death.
The boy was afraid of his mother, who often used to neglect him.
Among all dangers that woman conducted herself with wisdom.
And so swift rumor and bitter death ran through the huge cities.
. Since the memory of our deeds is sweet, we now are happy.
. Many listeners were afraid of his bitter satires.
. Timuerunt regem potentem cuius urbem vi regebant.
. Coeperamus adiuvare illas tres iucundas quibus nostram amicitiam dederamus.
. Timemus illum librum quo nostram libertatem delere incipit.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (P. 113)
Hello, good friend, to whom I have entrusted my son.
Dionysius, concerning whom I spoke earlier, was sailing to Sicily.
Many citizens either do not see those dangers which threaten or disregard those [dangers] which they see.
He gives twice who gives quickly.
Who begins, has half of the deed. Begin!
Fortune is light (='fickle'): she quickly demands back [that] which he has given.
Not only fortune herself is blind but she also makes blind those whom she always helps.
He conquers twice who conquers himself in victory.
Insincerity destroys truth, without which the name of friendship cannot be strong.
. truly loved the courage of that man, which did not perish with his body.
. Avoid the crowd. Live (s.) with these men who can make you better; admit those men whom you can make better.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

On The Pleasures of Love In Old Age
Is there love in old age? Pleasure is truly less, but desire is also less. Nothing, however, is a care to us, if we do not desire, and that person does lack who does not desire. Youths desired excessively; old men often have enough [of] love and much [of] wisdom. I think, therefore, [that] this time of life is pleasant. (Cicero, De Senectute 14.47).
It's All In The Delivery
The little book which you recite is mine, O Fidentinus;
but when you recite [it] badly, it begins to be yours!. (Martial, 1.38).

CHAPTER 18
(back to top)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW (p. 119-20)
Many men are excessively terrified by even an easy death.
The happy memory of sweet friendships never will be destroyed.
That blind woman also understood all kinds of arts and always was being praised by her friends.
Your (pl.) father, by whom we were always being helped, yesterday began to say many things about the swift dangers of the sea.
We are quickly moved by the memory of those two deeds.
The plans of the queen were being destroyed by that third long and difficult war.
And so the mother was expecting the death of her fourth son, who was not strong and whose life was brief.
We never used to wage difficult wars without a wisdom and mercy.
Tomorrow they will drag you (s.) to Caesar with nine of (the) other wretched men.
. They threw the king out of the city, who had neglected his duties.
. Clementia ab eis etiam civibus aliarum urbium dabitur.
. Multi pecunia (long 'a') sed non veritate nimis saepe moventur.
. Civitas ab rege potenti, quem timere incipiunt, delebitur.
. Illae decem feminae consiliis illius generis levis non terrebantur.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE (p. 120)
They are able because they seem [to themselves] to be able.
Even brave men are often terrified by sudden dangers.
Your (s.) plans are clear to us; you are held by the knowledge of all these citizens.
Bad is the plan which cannot be changed.
It is right to be taught by the enemy.
At that time there were contests in the Circus, by which kind of spectacle I am never held.
This is now my life; I greet good men who come to me; then either I write or I read; after these things all time is given to the body.
Therefore death is nothing, since the nature of the soul is considered mortal.
Love cannot be mixed with fear.
. Truly rashness is never mixed with wisdom.
. We will love him (that man) who is not moved by money.
. He (she, it) is praised by these people; he (she, it) is blamed by those people.
. Honesty is praised -- and is neglected (grows cold).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

On Death And Metamorphosis (pp. 120-21)
O human race, which fears death too much! Why do you (pl.) fear the dangers of death? All things are changed, all things flow, nothing comes to true death. The soul wanders and is mixed into other bodies; neither does it remain, nor does it keep the same forms, but is changed into new forms. Life is a river; our times hurry away and are always new. Our bodies are always changed; that which we were or are, we will not be tomorrow. (Ovid, Metamorphoses 15.153-216; prose adaptation).

CHAPTER 19
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 126)
Who began to destroy their liberty at that time?
Whose liberty was then destroyed by that author.
What good books did the poet recite yesterday?
The women will read tomorrow the difficult books which you (s.) sent.
All rivers flow into the sea and are mixed with it.
And so that kind of games, which was being praised by many families, we ourselves never desire.
The boys and the girls on account of their good deeds were praised by their mothers and fathers.
Why were those men afraid of the truth, by which many men had been helped?
The enemy then sailed across the huge river in Greece.
. What brave and famous man, concerning whom you (s.) read, was expecting a brief life and a swift death?
. What serious pursuits always delight you? What (pursuits) do you now desire?
. Quis sex viros qui hoc paraverant vidit?
. Quid ab secundo discipulo heri neglectum est?
. Adiuti sumus scientia (long 'a') quae ab eo neglecta erat.
. Cuius consilia senes omnium urbium timuerunt? Quae consilia dilexerunt?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 126-27)
What is the nature of the soul. It is mortal.
Those proofs seemed serious and certain.
What ought we do against those men and their crimes.
What have I done? Into what danger have I been thrown?
O immortal gods! In what city do we live? What state do we have? What crimes do we see?
Who are the good citizens if not those who hold the kindesses of the fatherland in their memory?
Other things, which are obtained by money, have been obtained by that foolish man; but his character could not obtain true friends.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Catullus Bids A Bitter Farewell To Lesbia (p. 127)
Goodbye, girl, now Catullus persists,
. . .
Wicked woman, woe to you! What life remains for you?
Who now will approach you? To whom will you seem pretty?
Whom now will you love? Whose will you be said to be?
Whom will you kiss? Whose lips will you bite?
But you, Catullus, resolved persist (= 'persist in your determination')

(Catullus, 8.12, 15-19).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Aged Playwright Sophocles Holds His Own (p. 127)
How many things do old men hold in their minds! If serious study and work and honesty remain in old age, often there also remain memory, knowledge, and wisdom.

Sophocles, that famous Greek writer made tragedies up to extreme old age; but because of this pursuit he seemed to neglect his household and was summoned into court by his sons. Then the author recited to the judges that tragedy which he had with himself and which he had written most recently, "Oedipus at Colonus." When this tragedy was recited, the old man was freed by the opinions of the judges. (Cicero, De Senectute, 7.22)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Message From a Bookcase (p. 127)
Unless you (s.) give carefully chosen books to me, I will let in bookworms and fierce cockroaches. (Martial 14.37)

CHAPTER 20
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 132)
Even old men often lack plans and definite proofs.
Swift rivers and great mountains used to keep the enemies from the city.
Since he used to do very brave deeds, his life was short.
At that time that doctor (f.) used to do many things with her right hand but few things with her left hand.
Truth will free us from the grave fear by which we have for a long time been terrified..
By what kinds of crimes were those two states destroyed?
What mortal is able to be happy without friendship and honesty?
He had begun to move money out of Greece into his own country, for he desired to depart.
By whom (pl.) was the study of difficult arts neglected?
. When the verses of that author were read, the listeners were delighted.
. They quickly threw themselves to (= 'at') the knees of the judges.
. Non possumus habere fructus pacis, nisi nos ipsi nostras familias metu gravi liberamus.
. Illae manus virorum miserorum feminarumque ad nos ab aliis patriis venient in quibus beneficiis civitatis carent.
. Senes neque ludis neque studiis gravibus caruerunt.
. Quis nostros metus communes fructuum sceleris sentire coepit?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 132-33)
Horns defend the stag from dangers.
Oedipus deprived himself of his two eyes.
Themistocles freed Greece from slavery by means of the Persian war.
Demosthenes used to pronounce many verses in one breath.
I hate Persian display.
That (ptui) man lacks common sense.
Old age deprives us of all pleasures and it is not far away from death.
No accuser lacks fault; we have all sinned.
No part of life is able to be free from duty.
The first virtue is to lack vice.
. The man free from crime does not need javelins nor a bow.
. Great disturbances were in the city at that time.
. A letter had been written to the senate and people of the Allobroges by (= 'in) the hand of the conspirator himself.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cicero Urges Catiline's Departure From Rome (p. 133)
We have a decree of the senate against you, Catiline, emphatic and serious; and our state has both strength and wisdom. What is it, Catiline? Why do you remain? O immortal gods! Depart (s.) now from this city with your evil band of conspirators; you will free me from great fear, if you quickly will lead out all those conspirators of yours with you. Come on, come on! Next run (s.) to Manlius, that evil friend of yours; he has missed you for a long time. Begin (s.) now; wage (s.) war against (literally, 'into') the state! In a brief time we will conquer you and all your men, enemies of the fatherland, and you all will always pay a serious penalty.
(Cicero, In Catilinam 1.1.3ff).

CHAPTER 21
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 137)
Glory, however, is very often neither certain nor great.
Old men in our clan never used to be neglected by their sons.
Who then had been order to free Greece from fear, to defend families, and to keep the enemies from the fatherland?
For the sake of the common safety he ordered those conspirators to depart from the city and to be led across the river to the mountains.
Others began to arouse our spirits against the senate again, because all had been terrified by a new fear.
All kinds of slavery seem harsh to us.
Will Cicero therefore be snatched out of the hands of those men?
What end of fear and slavery in that state now can be see?
But, mind you, for the sake of a good old age we ought to live well now.
In their household there were two daughters and four sons.
The house of our neighbor had few windows through which they could see.
When he heard the horn, the old man fell onto his knees and was proclaiming thanks to the immortal gods.
Veritas sine magno labore non invenietur.
Multae gentes quae pace vera carent bellis delentur.
Metus eorum nunc vinci possunt quod facta nostra ab omnibus intelleguntur.
Illa studia gravia pecuniae aut laudis saepe negleguntur.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 138)
Danger is never conquered without danger.
Novius is my neighbor and can be touched by my hand from my windows.
Will you not order this man to be led into chains and to carried away to death?
A second age is worn out by civil wars and Rome itself is destroyed by its own strength.
But, mind you, friendship is excluded from no place; never is it untimely.
Future things cannot be known.
In the beginning the world itself was made for the sake of gods and men and which things are in it, those things were provided for the enjoyment of mankind.
How abundantly agriculture is praised by Xenophon in that book which is entitled 'Oeconomicus'!
The crowd wants to be deceived.
Where is wisdom found?
Truth too often labors; it is never extinguished.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Virgil's Messianic Eclogue (p. 139)
Now a great new age comes; a boy is sent down from heaven, who will have the life of the gods and will see the gods and he himself will be seen by them ('those gods'). This boy will rule the world, to whom the virtues of his father have given peace. A few evils, however, will remain, which will order men to work and to wage harsh war. There will also be other wars and again a great Achilles will be sent to Troy. Then, boy, when soon a long period of time will have made you a man, there will be no labors, no wars; sailors will depart from their ships, farmers also soon will leave their fields, the earth herself will provide all things to all men. Run, ages; begin, small boy, to know your mother and there will be enough (of) spirit for me to tell of your deeds.

(Virgil, Eclogae, 4).

CHAPTER 22
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 144)
They immediately threw themselves onto their knees and praised all the gods.
The peoples of Greece used to be contained by small boundaries.
Who ordered that republic to be freed from harsh slavery?
"That man," he said, "will be destroyed by his own crimes in a short time."
Against those other bands of evil citizens the same things will again be prepared.
Old age often removes old men from the middle of affairs.
But, mind you, serious things are performed neither by force nor by hope but by plan.
If you will neglect the verses of these two poets, you will lack a great part of Roman literature.
At the same time our hopes of safety were supported by your (pl.) faith and fears were abandoned.
. New kinds of crimes are discovered because many men even now lack good character.
. The Romans were throwing many things out of the windows of their houses.
. Magna fides in hac re publica nunc inveniri potest.
. Novae spes eius metu communi Romanorum virorum fortium feminarumque ab omnibus visae sunt.
. Magna cum spe tyrannus illas naves deleri iussit.
. Neque manu sinistra neque dextra se defendere non potuit.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 144-45)
While there is life, there is hope.
Keep a balanced mind in difficult affairs.
Where there is a tyrant, there clearly there is no republic.
There were formerly in this republic men of great virtue and ancient fidelity.
We wish this republic to be safe.
The hope of the conspirators is supported by soft opinions.
The republic has been snatched on that day by my plans from fire and the sword.
Because they hate war, they were negotiating concerning peace with [good] faith.
Tell me in good faith: did you (s.) not snatch that money out of his/her hands?
. A certain friend is seen in an uncertain affair.
. Homer seizes his listener into the middle of things.
. Happy is he who is able to know the causes of things; and fortunate is that man who loves the ancient gods.
. Our Stoic said: vice is not in things but in the mind itself.
. And I will subject things to myself, not myself to things.
. There is a limit in things; there are certain boundaries beyond which virtue cannot by found.
. Does this thing, Fortune, seem fair to you?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A Visit From The Young Interns (p. 145)
I was sick: but you (s.), Symmachus, accompanied
by a hundred pupils, came to me.
A hundred hands chilled by the north wind touched me:
I did not have a fever, Symmachus, now I have [one].

(Martial 5.9)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

On Ambition And Literature, Both Latin And Greek
Poets through literature are able to give great and perpetual fame to men: many men, therefore, desire literature about their own affairs. We are all attracted by the eagerness for (of) praise and many men are led by glory, which either in Greek or Latin literature can be found. He who, however, sees much profit of glory in Latin verses but not in Greek, is very much mistaken, because Greek literature is read in almost all nations but Latin (literature) is contained in its own boundaries.

(Cicero, Pro Archia 11.26, 10.23)

CHAPTER 23
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 152)
I know something never heard before.
You (pl.) did not help that orator seeking the end of wars and crimes.
The certain fruits of peace were being desired by the terrified crowd and also the senate.
What brave man will free other nations from the serious fear of slavery?
No one neglecting trust will ever be without fear.
For the sake of the country that fortunate woman supported these plans against those evil men.
About to overwhelm that Latin nation, they began immediately to destroy all men of great honesty.
Will the reputation of this doctor be destroyed by those verses?
But a life of that balanced kind contains something pleasant and happy.
. On what day were you snatched from fire and the sword and also from certain death?
. Dedimus multa gentibus spe carentibus.
. Illi decem viri vocati magno cum studio venient.
. Alterum senem ex vicini casa et ab urbe currentem viderunt.
. Ipse metu incerto oppressus est quod nec veritatem nec libertatem cupivit.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 152-53)
You (s.) will live oppressed by my guards.
Those men, however, extending their right hands, were begging for their life.
Tantalus, thirsting, was desiring to touch rivers fleeing from his lips.
Signs of things about to be are shown to the world by the gods.
Captured Greece captured the wild victor.
Atticus gave much money to Cicero fleeing from the country.
If you will entrust him to me to be educated, I will begin to shape his studies from infancy.
Often invert the stylus, [if you are] about to write a good little book.
The care of the orator about to speak delights those about to listen.
. Reading Plato, I always cry over the death of Socrates.
. The memory of a life well lived and of many things well done is pleasant.
. He who will live fearing (= will live in fear), will not ever be free.
. That man is not wretched who having been ordered does something, but that man who does [something] unwilling. (In other words, it is the man who does something unwillingly when ordered who is wretched)
. A word once sent out flies irrevocable.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Laocoon Speaks Out Against The Trojan Horse (p. 152)
Oppressed by a long war and turned away by the gods, the leaders of the Greeks, now after ten years, make a great wooden horse by the art of Minerva. They fill the belly with many soldiers, they abandon the horse on the shore, and they sail to the nearest island. All Troy rejoices; the gates are opened. Concerning the horse, however, the Trojans are uncertain. Some desire it to be led into the city; others call it Greek treachery. There first before all, running down from the citadel, Laocoon, a Trojan priest, says these words: "O wretched citizens, you are not sane! What are you (pl.) thinking? Do you (pl.) not understand the Greeks and their treachery? Either you will find in that horse fierce soldiers or the horse is a machine of war, made against us, about to come into the city, about to see our houses and people. Or something lies hidden. Do not trust the horse, Trojans: whatever it is, I fear Greeks even [when they are] bearing gifts!" He spoke, and he threw a powerful spear with the great strength of his left hand into the belly of the horse: that [spear] stood still trembling.
(Virgil, Aeneid 2.13-52)

CHAPTER 24
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 157)
The fire having been seen, all the men and their wives were terrified and sailed beyond the city to the shore of the island, where refuge was found.
The people having been oppressed by fear for a long time, that commander must be thrown out of the city.
The speaker, a sign having been given by the priest, on that day returned and now the whole people rejoice.
The Roman nation formerly received the verses of that writer with great praise.
Praises and gifts were being desired by the speakers.
The command having been accepted, the brave leader showed his faith to the republic.
Someone afterwards had ordered those five horses to be rescued from the fire.
Do you (s.) perceive all the things which ought to be known by you?
That man, returning from the citadel of the city, began to be pursued by those men.
. I desire to touch the hand of that soldier who lacked fear and also suppressed serious crimes against the republic.
. That leader was immediately expelled, when he was receiving the command.
. At that time, however, those slave women were seeking refuge and solace from their friends.
. Periculo communi averso, duo ex filiis nostris atque omnes filiae ab Asia revenerunt.
. Spes civitatis nostrae illis malis viris non delendae sunt.
. Populo omnium gentium pacem quaerentibus, cupiditas imperii omnibus ducibus vincenda est.
. Dux, expulsus et a viris liberis et servis, imperium suum recipere non poterat.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 158)
Carthage must be destroyed.
With Asia having been conquered, the Roman leader sent many slaves into Italy.
With all people having been thoroughly terrified, each person was desiring to saving himself.
Whatever must be said, I will say freely.
All these wounds of war must now be healed by you (s.).
I will fear neither civil war nor the spear of the soldier nor a violent death, with Augustus possessing the lands.
With Tarquin having been expelled, the Roman people could not bear the name of king.
All plans and deeds must be directed by us for the advantage of life.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

De Cupiditate (p. 158-9)
A foolish man said, "O citizens, citizens, money must be sought before all (else); virtue and honesty (must be sought) after money."
The desire of money, however, must be avoided. The desire for glory must also be avoided; for it snatches away liberty. Commands ought neither be sought nor ought they always be accepted.

(Adapted from Horace, Epistulae 1.1.53, and Cicero, De Officiis 1.20.68)
Hercules, having been welcomed into heaven on account of his virtue, greeted the gods; but with Plutus coming, who is the son of Fortune, Hercules averted his eyes. Then, the cause having been asked, "That (god)." he said, "ought to be rejected because he corrupts everything for the sake of profit."

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Satirist's Modus Operandi
Laughing, I will run through my satires, and why not? What forbids me laughing to tell (= from telling) the true thing (= the truth), just as teachers always give cookies to boys to be taught (= who have to be taught)? I seek serious things with pleasant sport and, with names having been invented, I tell about many faults and vices. But why do you laugh? With the name having been changed, the story is being told about you!

CHAPTER 25
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 166)
"Each person," he said, "always thinks that his own things are great."
Afterwards we heard that the slaves had worked on account of gifts, just as the faithful soldiers had said yesterday.
Our neighbors turned the force of fire away with great courage, because they desired praise and also gifts.
This sign of danger will touch our whole nation, unless we will be able to take the enemy out of the city.
With the fierce leader of Carthage having been expelled, the hope and faith of free men will hold the republic together.
Why was pleasant Horace always laughing at human faults in his satires?
We believe that ancient trust ought to be supported again by all nations.
The leader, having been sent to the senate, received the command and was made commander.
The republic can be destroyed by little books of this kind.
Some people deny that the conquered enemies ever ought to be oppressed by slavery.
They believe that the wise female teacher will expose the truth.
Putavimus sorores vestras (or tuas) scribere litteras.
Ostendent litteras scriptas esse a serva forti.
Dixit litteras numquam scriptas esse.
Speramus uxorem iudicis scripturam esse illas duas litteras cras.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 166-67)
He did not deny that that thing had been done then.
With these things having been announced, therefore, you knew that he was an enemy.
You now perceive that he is being awaited by the enemies.
I saw that those men (or they) had remained in the city and were with us.
And so I perceive that eternal war with evil citizens has been undertaken by me..
I believe that the same thing has to be done by you.
I knew (literally, was knowing) that you truly were faithful to me.
With the enemies approaching, the senate announced to Cincinnatus that he had been made dictator.
I say that you (s.), Pyrrhus, can conquer the Romans.
Say, stranger, at Sparta that you saw us lying here, faithful to our country.
Socrates was thinking that he was a citizen of the whole world.
Those teachers deny that any man is good except a wise man (or philosopher).
I denied, however, that death ought to be feared.
I believe that the immortal gods scattered souls into human bodies.
The young man hopes to be about to live long; the old man is able to say that he has lived long.
They say indeed that much ought to be read, not many things.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Death of Laocoon...And Troy
Here another great fear (O wretched story) terrifies our blind minds. Laocoon, having been made priest of Neptune by fortune, was sacrificing a fierce bull at the altar on the shore. Then powerful twin serpents, pressing the sea, run from an island to the shores. And now they were holding the fields and, with their eyes blazing with fire, were licking their mouths with their hissing tongues.
We all flee; those [serpents] by a definite path seek Laocoon and his sons. First they take the small bodies of the two boys and tear and kill and devour them. Then they seize the brave father, running to his sons, and hold and conquer them with their great coils. Neither is he able to defend himself from wounds nor flee, and he himself, just as a bull wounded at the altar, raises horrible shouts to the sky. At the same time the serpents flee, and seek refuge on the stronghold of fierce Minerva.

Because Laocoon had thrown a spear into the horse of Minerva, we thought that he had made a mistake and had paid the penalty. We open the gates and admit that horse into the city and the boys and girls -- O country, O great gods, O Troy -- rejoice to touch it. And we wretched men rejoice too, for whom that day was the last.

(Prose adaptation of Virgil, Aeneid 2.199-249.)

CHAPTER 26
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 172-73)
That leader did not know himself to be about to immediately undertake the command.
"Certain men," he/she said, "were formerly seeking power and were desiring to oppress free men.
On the same day ten thousands of the enemies were turned away by the very faithful leader and many men lay dead in the fields.
The death of the ferocious tyrant having been announced, each one turned himself with great hope to the most powerful speaker.
Laughing, that wise writer then narrated something more jocund.
These things having been heard, the twin youths because of their desire for money will relinquish the study of literature.
The very brave queen showed (shows) that fidelity was (is) dearer to herself than money.
He (she) denied that he (she) had ever seen a female slave more faithful than this one.
A more pleasant mode of life ought now to be sought by men.
We believe that those twenty free men and women lead the most pleasant life possible.
The commander yesterday send a hundred very brave soldiers before himself.
The light in that house was not very bright because the family had opened few windows.
Quid est dulcius iucundissima (long 'a') vita (long 'a') or quam iucundissima (short'a') vita (short 'a').
Quidam autem dicunt mortem esse dulciorem vita (long 'a') or quam vitam.
His tribus rebus nuntiatis, petivimus consilium solaciumque a duce potentissimo.
In illa fabula auctor dicit omnes viros petere quam felicissimas vitas.
Haec lux est semper clarior altera (long 'a') or quam altera (short 'a').

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 173-74)
Old age is rather (more) talkative.
All your plans are clearer to us than light.
Certain remedies are more serious than the dangers themselves.
On that day I summoned to myself the bravest and most patriotic men.
He who willing(ly) accepted commands, avoids the most bitter part of slavery.
The most pleasant gifts are always those which the author (= giver) himself makes dear.
A happy man avoids the marketplace and the proud thresholds of the more powerful citizens.
What is more shameful than to be deceived by someone.
What truly is more foolish than to consider uncertain things as certain, false things as true things.
You often say to me, dearest friend: "Write something great; you (s.) are a very lazy man.".
Words run; but the hand of the stenographer is swifter than those (words); not my tongue, but his hand, completed the work.
Many men think that military affairs are more serious than urban affairs; but this opinion must be changed, for many urban affairs are more serious and more illustrious than military (affairs).
Having been invited to dinner, with your left hand you removed the napkins of rather careless people. Do you think that this is witty? It is a most sordid affair! Therefore send the napkin back to me.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Nations Of Gaul
Gaul is altogether divided into three parts, of which the Belgians inhabit one, the Aquitani, another, those who in the tongue of themselves are called Celts, in our (tongue), Gauls, (inhabit) the third. All these differ among themselves in language, customs, laws. The Garonne river divides the Gauls from the Aquitani, the Marne and Seine rivers (divide the Gauls) from the Belgians.
(Caesar, Bellum Gallicum 1.1)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Good Life
These, my most pleasant friend, are the things which make life happier: property not made by labor, but left behind by the father, a happy (= fertile) farm, a little of the marketplace and enough (of) leisure, a balanced mind, strength and a sound body, wisdom, true friends, a table without art (= simple food), a night not drunken but released from cares, a not joyless bed and nevertheless chaste, easy sleep. Desire (s.) only what you have, long for nothing: do (s.) not fear or hope for the last day (= death).
(Prose adaptation of Martial 10.47)

CHAPTER 27
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 179)
Each one desires to give the finest and most useful gifts possible.
Certain foolish men have very many things but seek even more.
That orator, having been expelled by the very arrogant tyrant, then sought a more pleasant leader and more just laws.
The highest command must always be sought by the best men.
The old man invited his grim grandsons across the threshold into the house.
He (she, it) showed that the enemies had given a signal with a very bright light on that night.
That very bad tyrant denied that he had ever oppressed free men.
The very faithful slave was receiving more dinner than the three worse ones.
They say that this author now leads a very humble life.
Why have the gods above turned their eyes from human affairs at that time?
Do you (s.) regard your money and property before the republic?
We can see today the sun behind a few very slender clouds in the sky.
Quidam credunt maximas urbes esse peiores minimis (or quam minimas).
Pro minoribus donis, adulescens etiam plura pulchrioraque matri tristissimae dedit.
Illi maximi montes erant superiores (altiores) his (or quam hi).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 179-80)
A new force attracts me: I see and approve better things, but I only do worse (things).
Certain poems are good; more are bad.
It is very good. I have seen nothing better, nothing finer.
I hope that you will spend (= enjoy) both this birthday and very many as happy as possible ones.
Since wisdom and reason are in old men, our ancestors called the highest council the senate.
More effort and zeal must be placed by us in domestic affairs even than in military affairs.
Neither truly was the danger in the republic ever more serious nor peace greater.
We are wiser than those men, because we think that nature is the best leader.
Nature seeks the least; the wise man, however, adapts himself to nature.
The greatest remedy of anger is delay.
I compare that man who conquers his soul and restrains his anger, not with the best men but I say that he is very similar to a god.
Dionysius, the tyrant of a very fine city, was man of the highest temperance in his mode of life and very diligent in all things and very keen. The same man, nevertheless, was unjust. From that thing (= therefore), if we speak a true thing (= the truth), he seemed very wretched.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Alley Cat
Caelius, our Lesbia, that Lesbia,
that Lesbia, whom Catullus loved
alone more than himself and his own family,
now in the crossroads and alleys
peels the descendants of great-hearted Remus.

(Catullus 58)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Thanks A Lot, Tully
Most eloquent of the descendants of Romulus,
as many as there are and as many as there have been, Marcus Tullius,
and as many as there will be afterwards in other years,
Catullus, the worst poet of all,
gives the greatest thanks to you,
just as much the worst poet of all
as you are the best patron of all.

(Catullus 49)

CHAPTER 28
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 187-88)
Let the wise and careful author avoid shameful things and recommend good things.
Therefore let us now do even greater and better things on behalf of the fatherland.
Let your grandson depart in order that he may not hear those harsh words.
Let the master not believe that he is happier than the most lowly man.
Each man seeks the happiest possible manner of life.
Some men supply pleasures [as] benefits to others in order that they man receive similar benefits.
Many doctors think that the light of the sun was the first remedy.
They will give the command to the more powerful leader in order that he may turn away the very fierce enemies.
With these words having been announced, part of the enemies abandoned their own leaders.
The ancestors used to think that the gods above had very beautiful and strong human bodies.
His chaste wife then approved these ten very useful things.
Ne putet illos octo viros esse peiores quam eos (eis - without quam).
Mittent solum viginti viros ut facillimum faciant.
Dixerunt: "Appellemus principem superbum clarissimum ne ab patria expellamur.
Itaque ne iubeant hanc feminam sapientissimam optimamque discedere.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 188)
Let reason lead, not fortune.
Let weapons yield to the toga.
Depart (s.) from the city in order that I may not be oppressed by fear and weapons (= by fear of weapons).
Now one thing must immediately be done by me in order that I may have the greatest leisure and comfort.
Let us seize, friends, the oppurtunity from the day.
The body truly needs sleep and many other things in order that it may be strong; the soul itself nourishes itself.
Let him who has given a favor be silent; let him who has received [it] tell [about it].
Concerning the dead let us say nothing except good.
Let the parent himself neither have nor tolerate vices.
In this thing reason must be had in order that the admonition may lack harshness.
Women always come to the games in order that they may see -- and that they themselves may be seen.
I sing of arms and the man who first from the shores of Troy came to Italy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Please Remove My Name From Your Mailing List!
Why do I not send my little books to you, Pontilianus?
In order that you may not send yours to me, Pontilianus.

(Martial 7.3)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To Have Friends One Must Be Friendly
In order that I may exhibit (= play the role of) Pylades, let someone exhibit Orestes to me.
This thing is not done with words, Marcus; love (s.) in order that you (s.) may be loved.
(Martial 6.11.9-10)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Days Of The Week
The days were called (= named) from (= after) the gods whose names the Romans dedicated to certain stars (= planets). For they named the first day after the Sun, which is the chief of all planets. The second day they called after the Moon, which received its light from the Sun. [They named} the third [day] after the planet of Mars, which is called the evening star. [They named] the fourth day after the planet of Mercury. [They named] the fifth day after the planet of Jupiter. [They named] the sixth [day] after the planet of Venus, which they called Lucifer, which has the most light among all planets. [They named] the seventh [day] after the planet of Saturn, which is said to fill up its course in 30 years. Among the Hebrews, however, the first day is called the one day of the sabbath, which among us is the Lord's day, which the pagans dedicated to the Sun. The sabbath, however, is the seventh day from the Lord's day, which the pagans dedicated to Saturn.

CHAPTER 29
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 195)
The leader place better arms in the hands of the soldiers, so that they might terrify the enemy.
The enemy indeed denied that they had dissimilar arms.
Part of the soldiers avoided the light of day in order that they might not be seen here..
They used to call the sun the first light of the sky, the moon the first light of the evening, and the stars the eyes of the night.
Finally let those young men yield to wisdom in order that they may be happier than these (young men).
Wise men think that kindnesses are more powerful than bitter and ugly words.
A certain teacher said such harsh words to his pupils, that they departed.
They answered that the author of these nine remedies was a most able (female) doctor.
Nothing indeed is so easy that we can do it without work.
In return for work and study our fatherland offers to us very many good opportunities.
The parents gave very many kisses to their slender daughter, in whom they always found very great delight.
Verba sapientis erant difficillima ut illi audientes ea noscere non possent.
Duo feminae haec comprehendere desideraverunt ne vitas turpes agerent.
Illae quattuor maritae erant tam iucundae ut plurima beneficia acciperent.
Dixit tertium carmen scriptoris esse tantum ut animas millium civium delectarent.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 195)
Love conquers all things; let us also yield to Love.
I have founded a very famous city; I have seen my walls; I have filled up the course which the Fates had given.
You (s.) were so harsh that you could be mollified neither by love nor by prayers.
No one indeed is so fierce that he cannot be mollified, with cultivation having been given.
It is difficult not to write satire; for who is so tolerant of the evil city that he restrains himself.
There was once upon a time in this republic so great virtue that brave men repressed a dangerous citizen with harsher penalties than a most bitter enemy.
The recovery of liberty is so outstanding that not even death ought to be shunned in this matter.
Let reasons of my dangers conquer the advantage of the republic.
At that time the Athenians displayed so great virtue that they conquered a tenfold number of the enemy and so terrified these (enemies) that they fled into Asia.
Let the orator seek a worthy example from that (famous) Demosthenes, in whom so great study and so great work are said to have been that he overcame the impediments of nature with his diligence and industry.
Let your (s.) teachings be brief so that the minds of your pupils may quickly learn them and hold them in their faithful memory.
Nothing is so difficult that it cannot by investigated by study.
Let war, however, be undertaken in such a way that nothing except peace seems to have been sought.
So great is the force of goodness that we love it in an enemy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Nervousness of Even a Great Orator
I then arose in order that I might respond. With what anxiety of mind I used to arise - O immortal gods - and with what fear! I indeed always begin to speak with great fear. As often as I speak, I seem to myself to come into judgment not only of my talent but also of my virtue and duty. Then indeed I was so upset that I feared everything. Finally I collected myself and fought so, I contended in every way that no one thought I had neglected that case.

(Cicero, Pro Cluentio 51)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

How Many Kisses Are Enough?
Do you seek, Lesbia, how many of your kisses are enough for me? As many kisses as the great number of Libyan sand or as many stars which, when the night is silent, see the furtive loves of men - so many kisses (no one can know their number) are enough for insane Catullus.

(Catullus 7)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

You're All Just Wonderful
In order that he may not praise (only) worthy men, Callistratus praises all men:
to whom no one is bad, who can be good?

(Martial 12.80)

CHAPTER 30
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 204)
He/she asked where/when those two worthy female students had learned these things.
He/she will see how great was the force of those happy words.
He/she suddenly exposed this plot in order that the republic might not be oppressed.
Let these men be silent and the three others be expelled in order that they may not have a similar opportunity.
He was so harsh that he could not understand the kindnesses of his wife.
The rest indeed did not know how bitter was the mind of their daughter.
Finally he/she will learn why the more powerful part of the soldiers avoids us.
Now I know why famous deeds truly are not very easy.
Some authors used to call arms the best remedy of evils.
Let us soon dedicate these arms to the dead in order that they may not lack honor.
With fate as a leader, Romulus and Remus founded Rome; and, with Remus having been killed, the walls of the new city quickly arose.
Dic/dicite mihi in quibus terris libertas inveniatur.
Nesciebamus ubi ferrum denique positum esset.
Non comprehendit prima verba libelli quem scripserunt de sideribus.
Rogaverunt cur non posses discere quid ceteri fecissent.
Omnes viri meliora quam pecuniam (or pecunia with long 'a') aut imperium iam petant ut animi virorum sint feliciores.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 195)
Now you (pl.) see how great a crime against the republic had been announced to you (pl.).
How sweet is liberty I will immediatly tell you (pl.).
He/she was asking at last why they ever had fled.
Now I know what love is.
Let us see which of the two can write more.
Many men were doubting what was best.
I will begin to explain from which nature creates and nourishes all things.
It is sweet to see what evils you yourself lack.
I reread the author of the Trojan war, who says what is beautiful, what is ugly, what is useful, what is not.
You (s.) will ask the learned men in what manner you can lead life well, whether learning provides or nature gives talent, what diminishes cares, what makes you friendly to yourself.
Those [cursed] men however are asking only what you have, not why and from where.
But it is time now that I depart in order that I may drink the hemlock, and that you depart in order that you (pl.) may live life. Which of the two, however, is better, the immortal gods know; I firmly beliver that no man knows.
He/she errs, who seeks a limit of insane love: true love knows how to have no limit.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Evidence and Confession
Let it at last be written on the forehead of each person what he feels about the republic; for you (pl.) see that the republic has been rescued by my labors and counsels from fire and the sword. I will now explain these things briefly in order that you (pl.) may know in what manner they have been understood. I always foresaw in what way we could be safe in such treachery. I spent all my days in order that I might see what the conspirators were doing. Finally I was able to intercept a letter what had been sent to Catiline from Lentulus and other conspirators. Then, with the conspirators having been arrested and the senate having been convoked, I showed the letter to lentulus and I asked whether he recognized the seal. He said that he did recognize (the seal); but at first he hesitated and denied that he would answer with regard to these things. Soon, however, he showed how great was the force of conscience; for suddenly he was less hostile and narrated the whole affair. Then the rest of the conspirators were thus glancing at each other that they themselves seem not to be pointed out by others but to point out themselves.

(Cicero, excerpts from first and third Catilinarian Orations)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A Covered Dish Dinner
You (s.) serve good dishes, Olus, but you serve them covered.
It is absurd: in this way I can have good dishes.

(Martial 10.54)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A Legacy Hunter's Wish
Living you give nothing to me; you (s.) say that you will give after death:
if you (s.) are not stupid, Maro, you know what I want.

(Martial 11.59)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note on a Copy of Catullus' Carmina
Great Verona owes as much to its own Catullus
as small Mantua owes to its own Vergil.

(Martial 14.1950

CHAPTER 31
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 211-12)
Now we know that those [cursed] harsh minds offer the sword instead of peace.
Le not the twin daughters learn words [that are] so bitter and so harsh.
When these ten men had departed, another opportunity of [= 'for'] peace was never offered.
He/she will bring back so great help to us that no even very fierce soldiers are able to remain here.
He/she was asking why the remaining women exhibited so great faith and hope among us.
Although our country offers so great benefits, certain men, nevertheless, betake themselves secretly into treachery and soon will fight against good men.
Finally let us hear how great is this treachery.
I suddenly exposed these crimes in order that you might not suffer other (and) similar ones.
They answered that very many arms had been carried by the ships.
Since they were alive, they were happy.
I do not know whether the third conspirator remains or is hastening into exile.
Let us go to the table, my friends, let us drink much [of] wine, and also let us diminish all our cares.
Cun milites comprehensi essent, nobis pecuniam iam obtulerunt.
Cum vita dificillima ferant, feramus omnia.
Cum scias quod auxilium ab sex amicis feratur, haec mala cum virtute ferri possint.
Cum oculi eius lucem solis videre non possent, plurima tamen dificillimaque faciebat.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 212)
Can this light be pleasant to you, although you know that all these men now your plans?
Themistocles, when he had freed Greece from Persian slavery and had been banished [= 'driven out into exile'] on account of envy, did not bear the injustice of his ungrateful country which he ought to have born.
And since these things are so, Catiline, go into exile.
O ship, the new waves of war will carry you back into the sea! O what are you doing?
Since the republic ought to be immortal, I grieve that it depends on the life of one mortal.
Since he had learned that that man was a slave, he did not hesitate to arrest him.
That man having been arrested, although at first he had begun to answer shamelessly, nevertheless finally denied nothing.
Milo is said to have come through the stadium when he was carrying an ox on his shoulders.
What evening brings, is uncertain.
Bring (pl.) help to the wretched man.
I know this one thing: what fortune brings, that we will bear with a calm mind.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Give Me a Thousand Kisses

Let us live, my Lesbia, and also let us love,
let us all estimate the rumors of rather severe old men
as worth one as!
Suns can set and return;
when once the brief light has set for us,
one perpetual night must be slept by us.
Give me a thousand kisses, then a hundred;
then another thousand, then a second hundred.
Finally continuously another thousand, then a hundred.
Then, when he shall have made many thousands ['of kisses'] -
we will mix those up, in order that we may not know,
or in order that any evil man can cast an evil eye,
since he knows that there are so many kisses.

(Catullus 5)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Charinos wears six rings apiece on all his fingers
neither does not take them off at night
nor when he washes. Do you ask what is the cause?
He does not have a jewelry box.
(Martial 11.59)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Facetiae (Witticisms) When Cicero was dining at Damasippus' house and that man, with a mediocre wine having been served, said, "Drink this Falernian [wine]; this is a forty year-old wine," Cicero answered, "It bears its age well!"
(Macrobius, Saturnalia 2.3)

Augustus, when a certain man was timidly bringing to him a little book, and now was bringing forward his hand and now was drawing it back, "Do you think," he said, "that you are giving an as to an elephant?"

(Macrobius, Saturnalia 2.4)

CHAPTER 32
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 220-21)
At first those three laughable men were able to endure bravely not even moderate things.
We especially asked how much help the seven women would bring and whether they would soon help us..
With the weapons finally having been gathered together, the commander promised that ten thousands of soldiers [= ten thousand soldiers] would depart very quickly.
You (pl.) wish to confer equal benefits, therefore, on all worthy men.
Let them better expose these evil things in order that they may not lose their own wealth and honors.
But, mind you, we wish to learn why his words were so harsh.
Since the others have learned about this plot, he/she wishes to go into exile as quickly as possible.
Do many pupils always display so great eagerness that they are able to read these sentences very easily in one year?
Although he/she had lost his/her wealth and did not have one as, nevertheless all citizens used especially to praise his/her talent and character.
We will certainly do more and better things by fair laws than by the sword.
Your (s.) eyes are more beautiful than the stars of the sky, my girl, and your kisses, sweeter than wine.
That [cursed] enemy, coming into Italy with many elephants, spent very many days in the mountains.
Visne/vultisne vivere diutius meliusque?
Vult loqui quam sapientissime ut sibi celerrime cedant.
His consiliis cognitis, rogavimus cur parare exercitum maxima cum cura non voluisset.
Ille, qui humillimus erat, divitias habere tam acriter nunc vult ut amittere duos amicos optimos velit.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 220-21)
Opportunity is not easily offered but is easily lost.
You (s.) cannot live with us now any longer; we will not endure it.
Do you (s.) wish to live rightly? Who does not?.
You (s.) know more what must be done.
He/she told me truly what he/she wanted.
Equals are very easily gathered together with equals (Birds of a feather, etc.).
I love you (s.) more than my own eyes.
Men gladly believe that which they want.
Many things happen to a man which he wants and which he does not want.
We are able to contend and win by counsel better than by anger.
Each very good man prefers to do rather than to speak.
All wise men live happily, perfectly, fortunately.
They especially praise that man who is not moved by money.
If you (s.) want to know how there is no evil [nothing of evil] in poverty, compare a poor man and a rich man: a poor man laughs more often and more credibly.
Teachers give cookies to boys in order that they may want to learn the first elements.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Character of Cimon

Cimon quickly arrived at the highest honors. For he had enough eloquence, the highest liberality, great knowledge of laws and military science, because he had been with his father in armies from childhood. And so this man very easily held the urban population in his power and was very strong among the army in authority.

When that man had died, the Athenians grieved for him for a long time; not only in war, however, but also in peace they missed him gravely. For he was a man of so great liberality that, although he had many gardens, he never placed guards in them; for he wished that his gardens be open most freely in order that the people not be kept from these fruits. Often, moreover, when he saw some one less well dressed, he gave his cloak to him. He enriched very many men; he buried many poor dead men at his own expense. Thus it is least of all strange if, on account of the character of Cimon, his life was untroubled and his death was bitter to all.

(Nepos, Cimon)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A Vacation...From You!
Do you seek what my farm in Nomentum returns in profit to me, Linus?
My farm returns this to me in profit: I do not see you, Linus!

(Martial 2.38)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Please...Don't!
You recite nothing and you, Mamercus, wish to seem a poet.
Be whatever you want, provided that you recite nothing.

(Martial 2.88)

CHAPTER 33
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 225-26)
Provided that the army brings help and aid, we will be able to save the walls of the city.
Although you (s.) had learned the plans of the enemy from the beginning, at first nonetheless, you were unwilling to promise even a hundred soldiers.
If riches and envy keep us from love and honor, are we truly rich?
A poor man indeed will not be equal to the others unless they have knowledge and talent.
If his treachery were not evident, we would fear his sword.
If anyone asks what you are learning now, report that you are learning a very difficult skill.
Let the laws be written in such a way that the common people and the wealthy are equal.
If harsher and braver guards had hastened to your (s.) house, alas, never would you have undertaken so great crimes and all these men would not have died.
When that very wise woman had once learned this, she very quickly offered all her resources.
Harsh exile will not be able to destroy so great a mind in one year.
On account of all the very bad rumors (which were not true), his/her sweet daughters were grieving greatly and were not able to sleep.
Si illi sapientes mox veniant, sis felicior.
Si sapientissime non repondisses, nobis pacem offerre dubitavissent.
Si quis haec tria bene faciet, melius vivet.
Si meliores libros legere nolles/nolletis, plus certissime disceres/disceretis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 226)
If you (s.) want peace, prepare for war.
Weapons are of little worth, unless there is planning in the country.
The safety of all men would have been lost in one night, if that severity had not been undertaken against those [cursed] men.
If you think that anything can be done about me, you will do it - if you (s.) yourself will be free from that danger of yours.
If I were conscious of any fault, I would bear this evil with a calm mind.
You (s.) say that you prefer the fortune and character of the ancient common people (= common people of old); but if any should suddenly lead (= take) you (s.) to those things (= fortune and character of the ancient common people), you (s.) would refuse that manner of life.
You (s.) would err less, if you (s.) should know what you (s.) don't know.
You (s.) will say "alas" if you (s.) see yourself (s.) in a mirror.
Unhappy poverty has nothing harsher in itself than the fact that it makes men ridiculous.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

B.Y.O.B., etc., etc.

You (s.) will dine well, my Fabullus, at my house
in a few days (if the gods favor you) -
if you (s.) bring with yourself (s.) a good and great
dinner, not without a beautiful girl
and wine and salt and all laughter;
if, I say, you (s.) bring these things, our charming fellow,
you (s.) will dine well; for the purse
of your Catullus is full of spiders.
But on the other hand you (s.) will receive pure love,
or whatever is sweeter and more elegant"
for I will give perfume, which Venuses
and Cupids have given to my girl;
when you smell this (perfume), you will ask the gods
that they make you, Fabullus, all nose.

(Catullus, 13)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Rich Get Richer
You (s.) will always be poor, if you are poor, Aemilianus:
wealth is given to no one except to the wealthy.

(Martial 5.81)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Aristotle, Tutor of Alexander the Great
Or can it be that Philip, the king of the Macedonians, would have wanted that the first elements of letters be taught to Alexander, his son, by Aristotle, the greatest philosopher of his age, or would this man have undertaken this very great duty, unless he had believed that the beginnings of studies related to the whole.

(Quintilian, Institutiones Oratoriae 1.1.23)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Your Loss, My Gain
When Quintus Fabius Maximus had taken Tarentum back by means of a great plan and Salinator (who had been in the citadel, when the city had been lost) had said, "By my work (= thanks to me), Quintus Fabius, you took Tarentum back, Fabius, with me listening, said laughing, "Certainly (= yes), for unless you (s.) had lost the city, I never would have taken it back." .

(Cicero, De Senectute 4.11)

CHAPTER 34
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 234-35)
1. Unless someone brings back promised aid and help quickly, thousands of men will die.
2. Since the city was full of guards, you (pl.) did not dare to undertake these crimes.
3. Say (s.) now why you (s.) wish to compare yourself (s.) to that <ptui> beautiful wealthy woman. Speak (s.) truly and freely; do not (s.) refuse.
4. With riches having been surrendered, alas, those philosophers on the same night suddenly set out into exile.
5. Let us not allow this very ancient knowledge to be lost.
6. I confess that I will enjoy unadulderated wine at my house.
7. From the beginning you (s.) did not understand how great an army was following us.
8. At first he/she responded that he/she was unwilling to follow a leader of ordinary virtue or wisdom.
9. Having gone out of the city suddenly, he tried once to die by his own sword.
10. Although Aristotle urged men to virtue, nevertheless he thought that virtue was not born (= was not innate) in men.
11. The mother and father are now living in the country in order that they may enjoy a sweet release from labors.
12. Give me please much salt and wine or water.
13. Non passi sunt me loqui cum eo illo tempore.
14. Arbitrabamur eum usurum esse officio sapientius.
15. Si quis hac aqua etiam semel utatur, moriatur.
16. Si illi quattuor milites nos secuti essent, non ausi essemus ponere arma in navi.
17. Haec cena erit bona, dummodo utaris/utamini sale.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 235)
1. Let us yield to Phoebus and, having been advised, let us follow better things.
2. For no one is born without vices; that man is best he has the least.
3. The universe is the common city of gods and men; for these alone using reason live by justice and law.
4. A wise man becomes angry slowly but seriously.
5. And since these things are so, Catiline, go out of the city; the gates are open; depart; you are not any longer to stay with us; I will not bear it, I will not allow [it].
6. Anxiety follows increasing money.
7. Si you (s.) had set out into Britain, no one on that island would have been more skilled in law.
8. Unless new glory is born, even old glory is lost.
9. I hope, however, that I have followed in my little books such moderation that no good man is able to complain about them.
10. Hours indeed and days and nights depart; neither does past time return, nor can what follows be known.
11. You (s.) know the character of women: while they plan, while they attempt, while they look into a mirror, a year slips away.
12. Friendship contains very many things; we use not water, not fire in more places than friendship.
13. Foolish man! After he began to have riches, he died!
14. O you (pl.) having suffered rather serious things, a god will give an end also to these things.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

And Vice Is Not Vice
He lies who says that you, Zoilus, are full of vice:
you are not a man full of vice, Zoilus, but vice [itself].
(Martial, 11.92)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pretty Is As Pretty Does
You are pretty, we know, and a girl, it is true
and wealthy - for who can deny [it].
But when you praise yourself too much, Fabulla,
you are neither wealthy nor pretty nor a girl.
(Martial 1.64)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Claudius' Excremental Expiration
And indeed that man bubbled out his soul, and after that [time] he ceased to seem to live. He expired, however, while he was listening to comic actors, in order that you may know that I feared them not without cause. This last utterance of his was heard among men, when he had sent out a greater sound from that part with which he "spoke" more easily. "Oh dear, I think I have defecated." And whether he did this I do not know - he certainly defecated on everything [else].
(Seneca, Apocolocyntosis 4)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

On Lesbia's Husband
That man seems to me to be equal to a god,
that man, if it is right, [seems] to surpass the gods,
who, sitting opposite [you], again and again
sees you and listens to you
sweetly laughing, a thing which snatches away from
miserable me all my senses: for as soon as I
saw you, Lesbia, no voice remains
to me, Lesbia

but my tongue is numb, a thin flame flows
under my limbs, my ears ring with
their own sound, both my eyes
are covered with darkness (night).

Leisure, Catullus, is troublesome to you;
you exult in leisure and you are too impatient;
leisure in the past has destroyed both kings
and happy cities.

(Catullus, 51)

CHAPTER 35
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 243)
1. Minerva, daughter of Jupiter, was born full of wisdom and talent.
2. The guards, if they should speak freely with our leader and should attempt to hand the tyrant over to this man, would be immediately able to go out without danger from the walls of the city.
3. It is better to obey just laws than to be a slave to a tyrant.
4. Since he had enjoyed such honors in the best way, even the plebeians used to trust him and did not envy him.
5. Having suffered for a long time, your (pl.) mother, sitting among friends, died happy [literally, happily].
6. The philosophers looked at the plan and refused to undertake or attempt such a thing.
7. Although you (s.) are wealthy and your riches are increasing, nevertheless you wish to spare your (s.) resources and you will offer an as to no one.
8. Having suddenly departed from that island, on the same night he arrived by ship at his fatherland; then, seeking relaxation of the mind, he was staying in the country for a long time.
9. Since this soldier did not please your (pl.) commander, he lost those promised rewards.
10. Unless character is equal to knowledge, knowledge can greatly harm us.
11. The teacher (f.) then asked the two small boys how many fingers they had.
12. The beautiful mother smiled at at her dearest daughter, whom she very greatly cherishes, and gives very many sweet kisses to her.
13. Cur duobus amicis suis nocere nunc vult?
14. Si plebi non parcebit, heu, ei numquam credemus.
15. Cum litteris Romanis studeas, difficillimo sed maximo magistro servis.
16. Si nobis vere placere vellent, divitiis contra rem publicam sic uterentur.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 244)
No one is free who is a slave to the body.
Do you (s.) wish to have a great command? Command (s.) yourself.
Whoever harms good men has spared the evil men.
Since you (s.) put all things after money, are you (s.) surprised if no one offers love to you (s.).
In vain they devote themselves to money or supreme commands or wealth or glory; let them rather devote themselves to virtue and honor and knowledge and any art.
Let us trust virtue better (= "more") than Fortune; virtue does not know how to yield to calamity.
And God said: "Let us make man to (= "in") our image and let him be in charge of the fish of the sea and the beasts of the land.
All men thought that you ought to spare me.
He showed what he wanted to do, and he persuaded that slave with the hope of liberty and great rewards.
If the books of Cicero are pleasing to anyone, let that man know that he has progressed.
In our city it happened to me to be taught how much angry Achilles had harmed the Greeks.
We obey someone asking better than (someone) ordering.
Live (pl.) bravely and oppose brave hearts to adverse things.
Not ignorant of evil, I learn to help the wretched.
Often pardon (s.) the other (person), never yourself.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ovid Asks The Gods To Inspire His Work
My mind compels me to tell of forms changed into new bodies:
gods, for you (pl.) also changed those (forms), inspire (pl.) my beginnings
and lead Ipl.)my continuous poem down to my times.
(Martial, 11.92)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sorry, Nobody's Home
Nasica can to the poet Ennius. When at the door he had asked for Ennius and the slave girl had responded that he was not in the house, he perceived that that (girl) had said this at the command of her master and that Ennius really was in the house. After a few days, when Ennius had come to Nasica and was asking for him at the door, Nasica himself shouted out that he was not in the house. Then Ennius said, "What? Do I not recognize your voice?" Nasica answered: "Alas, you are an insolent man! When I was asking for you, I believed your slave girl that you were not in the house; will you now not believe me myself?"
Cicero, De Oratore 2.276

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

"I Do." "I Don't."
You (s.) wish to marry Priscus. I am not surprised, Paula, you have had good sense.
Priscus does not want to marry you: he also has good sense.
Martial 9.10

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Maronilla Has A Cough
Gemellus seeks marriage to Maronilla
and desires and insists and begs and gives presents.
Is she so beautiful? On the contrary, there is nothing fouler.
What therefore is sought in that woman and is pleasing? She coughs!
Martial 1.10

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Summer Vacation
Teacher of the school, spare (s.) the simple crowd:
...
if boys are healthy in summer, they learn enough.
Martial 10.62.1, 12

CHAPTER 36
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 250)
1. Were you (s.) able also to persuade the 100 men that they follow the way of virtue without rewards.
2. This woman wants to set out to that island in order that without delay she may marry that man.
3. They were seeking from us (= "they were asking us") that even in adverse things we obey and serve this leader.
4. These things were done by the women in order they they might not lose the opportunity.
5. We ask you (s.) that you (s.) use honor and wealth more wisely and cherish these five friends always.
6. Unless someone dares to undertake this thing, they will be unwilling to trust us.
7. He/she asked us why we had tried to please neither the poor people nor the rich.
8. He/she was thinking that such a happy life was not born from wealth but from a soul full of virtue.
9. Let us wonder at great knowledge and talent more than great wealth.
10. The senate ordered the leader that he not harm the conquered enemies.
11. That orator calmed the very angry mob with a powerful voice and also, when he smiled at all, delighted them.
12. When the small girl was running through the door, suddenly she fell and bruised her knees badly.
13. Provided that you (s.) are fair to these men, they will become faithful to you.
14. Illa aestate hortati sunt ut hoc melius fieret.
15. Dummodo hoc fiat, orabunt ut ei parcamus.
16. Illa magistra vult persuadere viginit discipuli ut pluri litterarum bonarum studeant.
17. Cum spes eius fiat minima, confiteatur se imperare illis duobus viris ne id faciant.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 251)
1. And God said: "Let there be light." And light was made (= "created").
2. It must be confessed that nothing can be made from nothing.
3. Great things are not done without danger.
4. With these things having been learned, that man urged his own men that they not be afraid.
5. All things will be done which it is just (that they) be done.
6. "Father, I beg you (s.) that you pardon me."
7. While we are speaking, envious time will have fled: seize the day!
8. Let us seize pleasant things; for after death you (s.) will become ashes and a story.
9. Before old age I took care that I lived well; in old age I take care that I die well.
10. Solon said that he was becoming old daily learning something.
11. Is your (s.) heart free from empty ambition? Is it free from anger and fear of death. Do you (s.) pardon your friends? Do you become gentler and better, with old age approaching?
12. This is hard; but whatever it is contrary to divine law to correct becomes easier (literally, "lighter") with patience.
13. Let us be wise and let us yield! The burden which is born well becomes light.
14. I urge you (pl.) that you place friendship before all human things.
15. I ask you (pl.) (literally, "I seek from you") that you (pl.) allow me to speak concerning the pursuits of culture and literature.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Quality of Martial's Book
Some things are good, some things are mediocre, more things are bad
which you (s.) read here; a book, Avitus, is not otherwise made.
Martial 1.16

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I Don't Cook For Cooks!
The reader and listener approves of our little books, Aulos,
but a certain poet denies that they are exact.
I do not care very much, for I would prefer that the courses
of our dinner have pleased the guests rather than the cooks!
Martial 9.81

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I Love Her...I Love Her Not
I hate and I love! You (s.) perhaps ask why id do this.
I don't know, but I feel that it happens and I am tortured.
Catullus 85

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oh, I'd Love To Read You My Poems...Not!
You (s.) ask that I recite our epigrams to you (s.). I don't want to -
you (s.) desire not to listen, Celer, but to recite.
Martial 1.63

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Who Is Truly Free?
Who therefore is truly free?. Only a wise man, who commands himself, whom neither adverse fortune nor poverty nor death nor chains terrify, who is able to answer bravely to desires and to despise honors, who is totally within himself.
Horace, Sermones 2.7.83ff.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Testimony Against The Conspirators
I gathered the senate together. I led in Volturcius without the Gauls. I gave a guarantee [of immunity] to him. I urged that he announce without fear those things which he knew. Then that man, when he had recovered himself from his great fear, said that he had orders from Lentulus to Catiline that he use the help of slaves and approach the city as soon as possible with his army. The Gauls, however, having been led inside, said that a letter to their own people had been given by Lentulus to them(selves) and that this man had commanded that they send their cavalry into Italy as soon as possible. Finally, with all things having been explained, the senate decreed that the conspirators be handed over into custody.
Cicero, In Catilinam

CHAPTER 37
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 258)
1. Then he/she will ask (literally "seek from") my brother and sister that they seize the opportunity and enter the city as quickly as possible.
2. Unless you had returned home on that day, we perhaps would have wandered on a long journey to Athens and we would have enjoyed ourselves there.
3. You (pl.) were able to endure not even slight fears; you (s.), therefore, used to live in the country, not in the city.
4. Having spoken these things, they will not persuade the readers that they place wealth and desires before the rewards of a good life.
5. For many years he/she forced them/those men to serve the state, but he/she never destroyed their spirits.
6. But, mind you, we ourselves having suffered many evils (literally, "evil things"), tried to persuade them/those men/those women that they free us from chains and not harm anyone.
7. If anyone wishes to help others, let him/her take care that he/she does to them full of wisdom.
8. The philosophers every day were asking whether those pupils were obeying nature.
9. Let us despise all dangers, let us drive them out of our minds, and let us admit that these very difficult things must be undertaken at Rome.
10. All men/women/people are accustomed to admire those very beautiful things which they see in Athens.
11. Unless you (s.) prefer to die, go (s.) out of Syracuse and follow (s.) another leader to Athens.
12. The beautiful woman stood unmoved before the mirror, but she refused to look at herself and was not able to refresh her spirits.
13. For a few hours twelve boys and girls were sitting on the ground, as the teacher (f.), calming them, was telling very many stories.
14. Imperaverunt ut hoc Romae tres dies fieret.
15. Nisi Syracusas quinque diebus adibit, timor patris eius fiet maior.
16. Putavit fratrem suum fortasse non abiturum domo ea aestate.
17. Licet nemini loqui libere in illa patria, ut omnes scimus.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 259)
1. Mortal deeds will perish.
2. For nights and days (= "night and day") the door of Pluto lies open.
3. The years go [by] in the manner and way of flowing water. Never is the hour, which has passed by, able to return; let us enjoy our life.
4. Alas, I am finished! What have I done! My son has not returned from dinner this night.
5. My brother begs that you (s.) not go away from home.
6. He/she says that his/her father has gone away from the city but that his/her brother is at home.
7. At the third hour I was going outside along the Sacred Way, as is my custom.
8. Finally Damocles, since he was not able to be happy in this way, begged Dionysius the tyrant that it be allowed [to him] to go away from dinner (= "the dinner table").
9. At that time, with Syracuse having been captured, Marcellus sent many things to Rome; at Syracuse, however, he left behind many [and] very beautiful things .
10. For many days I was on that ship; thus we experienced adverse weather.
11. I will not be able to endure the anger of the people, if you [future perfect for emphasis] go into exile.
12. With Caesar having been killed, Brutus fled from Rome to Athens.
13. I myself would return to Rome, if I had enough counsel concerning this thing.
14. No one is so old that he/she does not think that he/she can live for one [more] year.
15. While the fates allow us, let us satisfy our eyes with love; for you a long night is coming and day will not return.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Thanks...But No Thanks
Nothing is more splendid than you (s.), Caecilianus. I have noticed [that]:
if ever I read a few couplets from my (literally "our" with "little books" understood),
immediately you (s.) recite the writings of either Marsus or of Catullus.
Do you give this to me [as a favor], as if you (s.) are reading rather inferior [writings],
in order that my [writings] in comparison may please more? We [= "I"] believe that nasty thing:
nevertheless I prefer, Caecilianus, that you recite your own [writings].
Martial 2.71

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Trimalchio's Epitaph
"See carefully also if this inscription seems sufficiently suitable to you (s.): 'C. Pompeius Trimalchio Maecenatianus rests here. The post of sevir Augustalis was decreed for him in his absence. Although he could be in [= "be a member of"] all clubs at Rome, nevertheless he was unwilling. He [continually] grew more pious, brave, [and] loyal from boyhood; he left 30 million sesterces, and he never listened to a philosopher. Good bye. Good-bye to you too.'" As Trimalchio said these things, he began to cry profusely. Fortunata was also crying; Habinnas was crying too; finally the whole household, as if invited to a funeral, filled the dining room with lamentation.
Petronius, Satyricon 71-72

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Marcus Says [= "Gives"] Greetings To His Brother Quintus
Licinius, slave of our [friend] Aesop, fled from Rome to Athens. He was in Athens at Patro's house as a free man. Then he went away into Asia. Afterwards Plato, a certain man who is accustomed to be at Athens much and who had been at Athens then when Licinius had come to Athens, with a letter about Licinius having been received, arrested this man (= Licinius) at Ephesus and handed [him] over into custody. I ask you [literally, "I seek from you (s.)], brother, that going out from Ephesus [= "as you leave Ephesus"] you bring [Licinius] back with you. Aesop is truly so angry because of the slave's crime that nothing can be more pleasing to him than the recovery of the fugitive.
Cicero, Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem 1.2.14

CHAPTER 38
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 266)
I persuaded the king that he gladly give more pleasing rewards to your (s.) sister and brother.
Then she, having set out from that island on a ship, returned to Athens to see her friends
We urged him that he try to approach Caesar without fear.
They were accustomed to trust the kind of man who would serve philosophy, follow virtue and conquer desires.
The wise man begs us that we not harm the men of opposite opinions.
In those lands it is not permitted to study good and true literature, as often happens under a tyrant; you(s.) ought, therefore, to travel abroad.
Let us take care that we not hand the state over to those people who would put themselves before the state.
They are weak men who would admire trivial works and always pardon themselves.
That [ptui] leader, absent for a long time, was employing so foolish counsels for the state that thousands of citiznes were forced to suffer adverse things (= "adversity")
Having spoken these things, he admitted that those men, who had immovable hatred toward the state, had been killed at Rome.
The beginning of work very often impedes us.
The sublime planter of men and animals gave souls to us all; although the bodies perish, the souls will never die.
When we returned to the country, then we found at home - a wonderful thing to see! - very many friends.
Cicero, qui erat maximus orator Romanus, fuit consul qui senatui pareret.
Persuadebo ei mihi ut fiat melior et ut redeat Romam.
Oravimus eos ne viro cui tyrannus placeret crederent.
Quare, ille qui patriam nostram defendere dubitet ad aliam terram profisciscatur.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 266-67)
They threw themselves forward at the feet of Caesar.
Here in our number are the kind of men who would think about the destruction of this city.
Who is there to whom this republic and possession of liberty are not dear and sweet?
What home is so stable, what state is so strong, which would not be able to be destroyed by hatreds, envy and also treachery?
Wherefore, what is there which would be able to please you now in this city, in which there is no one who would not fear you.
Who truly is able either to love him whom he would fear or him by whom he would think that he [himself] is feared.
For you alone the murders of many citizens were unpunished and free.
You (pl.) have, however, that kind of consul who would not hesitate to obey your (pl.) decrees and would be able to defend you.
In my opinion that man will always be a god.
There is no kind of pain which the length of time would not lessen and soften.
To have acquired riches was for many men not the end but a change of evils.
There is nothing made by work and by hand which time would not consume.
With the strength of the body failing (= "Although the strength of the body was failing"), nevertheless the vigor of the mind lasted for that man up to the end of life.
Now it must be drunk (= "Now we must drink"); now the earth must be pounded by a free foot.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note On A Book By Lucan
There are certain men who would say that I am not a poet;
but the book-dealer who sells me (= "my books") says [that I am].
Martial 14.94

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Two Examples Of Roman Wit
Oh, Give Me a Figgy Sprig!
When a certain man, complaining, had said that he had hung his own wife from a fig tree, a friend of that man "Please," he said, "give me by that accursed tree shoots in order that I may plant [them]!"

Cicero, De Oratore 2.278

______________________

The Most Pitiful Speech I've Ever Heard!

When a certain orator thought that he had aroused pity with his speech, he asked Catulus whether he seemed to have aroused pity. "And indeed, as far as I am concerned," he said, "I truly think that no one is so hard-hearted to whom your (s.) speech would not be worthy of pity!"

Cicero, De Oratore 2.278

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Two Letters to Cicero
Gnaeus Magnus Proconsul GivesGreetings to Commander Cicero.
If you (s.) are well, it is well. I read your (s.) letter gladly; for I recognize your (s.) pristine virtue even in [the matter of] common safety. Consuls have come to that army which I had in Apulia. I greatly urge you that you come to us, in order that we may bring aid and help to the common counsel of the republic. I advise that you go out from Rome, make a journey by the Appian Way, and you come as quickly as possible to Brundisium.

Commander Caesar Gives Greetings to Commander Cicero.

Although I am approaching Brundisium rather quickly and am on the road, with the army already having been sent ahead, nevertheless I ought to write to you (s.) and give suitable thanks to you (s.) , although I have done this often and I seem to be about to do [this] more often; you are so worthy. Especially, since I believe that I will come quickly to the city, I ask you (s.) that I see you (s.) there so that I may be able to use your (s.) counsel, prestige, help. You will pardon my haste and the brevity of [this] letter; you will learn the rest from Furnius.

Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 8.11 and 9.6

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ask Me If I Care
I am not eager, Caesar, to wish to please you,
nor to know whether you (s.) are a white or black man!
Catullus 93

CHAPTER 39
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 273)
Caesar was daily begging those men that they not fear adverse fates.
Although this happens, let those soldiers perhaps approach to attack (supine) the city.
If it is permitted, within seven days we will go home to see our friends.
Our most liberal host, with whom we were spending the night, poured wine as a libation to the gods before dinner, and then adorned the table.
The consul spent his leisure in writing sublime works.
There are, however, those who for the sake of avoiding pains, as they say, always do light works, scorn labor, and complain about duties.
In managing the republic those [ptui] men do not hesitate to ask for pleasing rewards for themselves, to suspend duties, and to sell their own honor.
The very learned female reader soon will get up to recite three poems.
There is no one to whom injustice would be pleasing, as we all recognize.
Unless we wish to be trampled on the ground under the feet of tyrants, let us always be eager for liberty and let us never impede [it].
Few works are done by sitting, may [works are done] by acting and experiencing.
That amazing woman gladly seized the fruits of love and married a very agreeable husband.
Romam eunt dictum de Graecis vincendis.
Remanendo Romae persuasit eis ut fortiores fierent.
Quis est qui habeat spem magnorum operum faciendorum sine dolore?
Hortati sumus consulem ut civitati serviret et dignitatem nostram servaret iniuriis oppugnandis (or oppugnando iniurias).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 274)
They strengthened the incipient (literally, "being born") conspiracy by not believing [it].
Let them stop preparing (literally, "to prepare") a plot for the republic and consul and fires for setting the city on fire.
Many men, however, on account of the desire of (= for) glory are desirous of waging wars.
We invite new injustice by enduring old injustice.
Let us take care that the penalty not be greater than the fault; anger in punishing, however, especially must be prohibited.
With Syracuse having been captured (= Although "Syracuse had been captured"), Marcellus so spared all buildings as if he had come to defend them, not to attack them.
Regulus ought to be praised in keeping his oath (= "because he kept his oath").
In my speech I will speak about the strong character of Sestius and about his desire of preserving the common safety.
The transition to old age calls us away from managing aggairs and makes the body weaker.
Since it was necessary for me to walk for the sake of restoring my weak voice, I dictated this letter outside [while] walking.
Always by fearing the wise man avoids evil.
The virtue is called prudence from seeing ahead.
Rumor acquires strength by going.
These vicissitudes of fortune, although they were not pleasant for us in experiencing [them], nevertheless in reading were pleasant. For the memory of past grief has delight for us.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Promises, Promises
My woman says that she prefers to marry no one
but me, not if Jupiter himself should seek her.
[So] she says: but what a woman says to a passionate lover,
it is fitting to write[= "should be written"] in the wind and in the rapid water.
Catullus 70

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Paete, Non Dolet
When chaste Arria handed over a sword to her own Paetus,
which she herslef had pulled out from her own vital organs,
"If there is any faith [in me], the wound which I have made does not hurt," she said
"but what you will do, this, Paetus hurts me.
Martial 1.13

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hannibal And The Beginnings Of The Second Punic War
Hannibal, son of Hamilcar, was born in Carthage. In his youth he so preserved the ancient hatred toward the Romans that he never laid it aside. He set out into Spain with his father on a long journey; and after many years, with Hamilcar having been killed, the army handed over the command to him. Thus Hannibal, at the age of 25 years, was made commander. Within the space of three years he did not rest, but he conquered all the peoples of Spain and acquired three very great armies. Out of these he sent one into Africa, a second he left behind with his brother in Spain, the third he led with himself into Italy.
He approached the Alps, which no one ever had crossed with an army. He killed peoples trying to prevent him from crossing; he laid open regions; and he entered Italy with many elephants and soldiers. On this journey he was affected with a so grave disease of the eyes that afterwards he never was able to use his right eye well. Nevertheless, he conquered many Roman leaders and armies.

Nepos, Hannibal, excerpts

CHAPTER 40
(back to top)

Practice and Review (p. 279)
Was Romulus, the father of this city, a man of remarkable virtue?
But you know, after all I fear, alas, that this cannot be understand by men of small wisdom.
It is not fitting that we ignore these liberal and humane studies, for their rewards certainly are very great.
The merit of that speech was altogether suitable for the occasion.
Although his horses had been tired out and the wind was facing them, nevertheless they were running very quickly to the goal.
The man with a weak body was not able to do it.
Even if the three sons are desirous of doing great works, it is not allowed to them to go away from home.
The mistress was bitterly complaining that very slaves had been absent - woe to those wretched men!
A remarkable thing to ask, you don't love that [ptui] woman, do you, my friend?
They fear that there are great uprisings both at Rome and in the country, don't they?
You (s.) don't think that so many just men are totally mistaken, do you?
Did you (s.) recognize, when you were walking to see your friends, the woman lying under the tree on the ground?
Vereor mihi ne pauca experiendo nunc fieri possint.
Num dubitas dicere hoc?
Arbitrati sunt postremum eum esse virum minimae fidei.
Nonne recognoscis quantum sit periculum?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sententiae Antiquae (pp. 280-81)
I discover four reason why old age seems wretched. Let us see how just each one of them is.
They seem to fear that I do not have enough protection.
For one of two things is inevitable: either death takes away feelings altogether or the soul at death goes away into another place. If death is similar to sleep and feelings are extinguished, good gods, what a profit it is to die!
Age always brings transition and something new.
One example of luxury or of passion makes much evil, doesn't it?
I wonder that so many thousands of men so childishly repeatedly desire to see horses racing.
You (s) do see also that drops of water falling onto rocks bore a hole through those rocks, don't you.
I fear that we have taken that counsel which we would not be able to explain easily.
Antonius, one of his enemies and a man of very little clemency, ordered Cicero to be killed and his head to be placed between his two hands on the speakers' platform.
All men who have something not only of wisdom but also of sanity wish that this republic be safe.
Hello girl with a not very small nose nor pretty foot, nor black eyes nor long fingers nor a dry mouth!
I am a human being; I think that nothing human is alien to (literally, "from") me.
A friend so mixes the soul of a friend with his own that he makes one [soul] out of two.
In six days the Lord made the sky and the earth and the sea and all things which are in them.
He sent the ambassador Valerius Procillus, a young man of the highest virtue and refinement.
You (s.) don't dare to deny [this], do you? Why are you (s.) silent)? I will convince you, if you (s.) deny; for I see that there are here in the senate certain men who were together with you.
Now I am afraid I can return nothing to you (s.) except tears.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Jupiter Prophesies To Venus The Future Glory of Rome
Smiling at that woman with his face, with which he calms the sky and storms ,
the father of men and gods, kissed his daughter, then he says such things:
Spare your fear, Cytherea; the fates of your people remain unchanged
for you. You will see the city and the promised walls of Lavinium
and you will bear on high to the stars of the sky great-souled Aeneas;
and opionion has not changed me (= "I do not change my opinion)
. . .
He will wage a huge war in Italy and will destroy fierce peoples
and he will place customs and walls for men.
. . .
Romulus will receive his people and will found the walls
of Mars and he will call [them] Romans from his own name.
I place neither limits of things nor times for these people"
I have given supreme power without end. Moreover harsh Juno,
who now wearies the sea and the lands and the sky with fear,
will bring her counsels back into the better (= "will change her plans for the better")
and with me will cherish the Romans, the lords of things and the toga-wearing race.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Value of Literature
If delight alone were sought from these pursuits, still, as I think, you would judge that this relaxation of mind is most humane and worthy of a free man. For other relaxations are neither of all times, nor all ages, nor all places; but you know these studies nourish youth, they delight old age, they adorn favorable things
(= "prosperity"), they offer refuge and solace to adverse things (= "adversity"), they delight at home, they do not impede out of doors, they spend the night with us, they travel abroad, they live in the country.
Cicero, Pro Archia 7.16

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A Monument More Lasting Than Bronze
I have completed a monument more lasting than bronze
. . .
I will not altogether die, and a great part of me
will avoid Libitina.
Horace, Odes 3.30.1, 6-7)